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BULLETIN  No.  67 


Minerals  of  California 


By  ARTHUR  S.  EAKLE,  Ph.D. 
MARCH,  1914 


Issued  by  California  State  Mining  Bureau 


F.    McN.    HAMILTON 

STATE   MINERALOGIST 


F.  MCN.  HAKILTOS 


Califobnia 

State  Printing  Office 

1914 


UNlVER^ilY  OF  CAUFORNiA 
DAVIS 


^GBIQ.  DEFT. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


To  his  Excellency,  the  Hon  Hiram  W.  Johnson, 

Governor  of  the  State  of  California. 
Sir: 

I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Bulletin  67  of  the  State  Mining 
Bureau  upon  the  Minerals  of  California. 

This  work  was  made  possible  at  this  date  through  the  co-operation 
of  Prof.  Arthur  S.  Eakle,  Ph.D.,  of  the  Department  of  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  of  the  University  of  California,  with  this  Bureau.  Dr. 
Eakle  has  given  freely  of  his  time  and  effort  and  has  closely  checked  his 
own  records  with  those  of  this  Department  in  order  that  the  most  com- 
plete list  of  minerals  possible  be  published. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  bulletin  will  be  of  service  to  the  mineral 
industry. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Fletcher  McN.  Hamilton, 
State  Mineralogist. 


.4^4H4H* 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   I.      NATIVE    ELEMENTS 7-23 

Non-metals   7 

Semi-metals    '- 11 

Metals    , 12 

CHAPTER    II.      SULPHIDES 24-44 

Semi-metals    24 

Metals    26 

Oxisulphides     43 

CHAPTER    III.      ARSENIDES,    SELENIDES,    TBI-LURIDES    AND    SULPHO 

SALTS    45-56 

Arsenides     45 

Selenides    47 

Tellurides   47 

Sulphantimonites '- 51 

Sulpharsenites    55 

CHAPTER     IV.      HALOIDS - 57-62 

Chlorides 57 

Bromides 61 

Iodides 61 

Fluorides   62 

CHAPTER  V.      OXIDES  OF  HYDROGEN,   SILICON  AND  SEMI-METALS 63-72 

Hydrogen   63 

Silicon    63 

Semi- metals    70 

CHAPTER  VI.      OXIDES  OP  THE  METALS 73-89 

Anhydrous 73 

Hydrous    86 

CHAPTER   VIL      CARBONATES 90-103 

Anhydrous 90 

Hydrous    98 

CHAPTER  VIIL      ANHYDROUS  SILICATES 104-136 

Feldspars 104 

Pyroxene  Group 109 

Amphibole    Group 115 

Not  Grouped 119 

CHAPTER  IX.      HYDROUS  SILICATES  AND  TITANO-SILICATES 137-158 

Zeolites    137 

Micas 140 

Brittle    Micas 145 

Chlorites   146 

Not  Grouped 148 

Titano-silicates    157 

CHAPTER  X.      PHOSPHATES,  VANADATES,  etc 159-177 

Phosphates 159 

Vanadates    165 

Arsenates    166 

Antimonates 168 

Nitrates 168 

Borates     169 

Niobates-tantalates 174 

Tungstates    175 

Moly'bdates    177 

Uranates    177 

CHAPTER    XI.     SULPHATES    AND    HYDROCARBONS 178-196 

Anhydrous    178 

Hydrous    184 

Hydrocarbons   : 193 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Minerals  Arranged  According  to  the  Elements 197 

Minerals — Distribution  by  Counties 204 

Bibliography  on  California  Minerals 210 

Index  to  Minerals 220 


INTRODUCTION 


The  first  list  of  California  minerals  was  published  by  W.  P.  Blake  in 
1866.  and  it  comprised  abcnt  seventy-five  mineral  species.  At  that 
early  time  California  was  a  new  and  largely  unexplored  field,  and  only 
a  few  scattered  localities  were  knoMTi  for  mineral  specimens ;  conse- 
quently the  list  was  short  and  not  at  all  representative. 

The  second  list  appeared  in  1884  as  a  part  of  the  Fourth  Annual 
Report  of  the  State  ^Mining'  Bureau,  by  Henry  G.  Hanks,  who  was  then 
State  Mineralogist.  This  list  included  double  the  number  of  pre- 
viously known  minerals,  and  gave  detailed  descriptions  of  some  of  the 
localities,  and  much  instructive  matter  relating  to  minerals  of  economic 
value. 

Since  the  appearance  of  the  second  list,  our  knowledge  of  the  geology 
and  mineralogy  of  the  State  has  vastly  increased.  The  ore  deposits  of 
many  of  the  counties,  the  gem  and  berate  deposits  of  the  southern 
counties,  and  the  petrography  of  many  districts,  have  been  investigated 
and  described,  so  that  our  present  knowledge  of  the  mineralogy  of  the 
State  is  much  more  general. 

The  present  list  contains  more  than  double  the  number  of  definite 
mineral  species  given  by  Hanks,  besides  many  sub-species  and  varieti&s. 
The  desire  has  been  to  make  the  list  as  complete  as  possible  of  the  known 
minerab'.  and  where  they  occur,  but  the  list  of  localities  where  the  same 
mineral  might  be  found  is  necessarily  incomplete.  ^lany  minerals  are 
so  commonly  distributed  throughout  the  State,  such  as  small  bodies  or 
pockets  of  metallic  minerals  and  the  rock-forming  minerals,  that  it 
would  be  useless  and  impossible  to  cite  all  of  their  occurrences.  In 
such  a  vast  area  as  California,  localities  may  be  known  to  local  col- 
lectors where  excellent  specimens  may  occur,  unknown  to  the  author. 
Some  minerals  may  be  known  to  occur  in  the  State  which  have  not 
been  mentioned  in  this  work,  but  it  is  believed  that  they  will  be  very 
few  in  number. 

So  many  minerals  and  localities  are  included  in  the  list,  that  geolog- 
ical and  petrographical  descriptions  in  detail,  have  had  to  be  omitted, 
and  reference  must  be  made  to  the  bibliography  at  the  end  of  the  work 


6  ,     ,     ,      .   ,.,  INTRODUCTION. 

under  the  autlior's  name  and  number.  This  bibliography  includes  with 
few  exceptions,  only  those  articles  which  bear  directly  on  the  minerals 
of  the  State,  omitting  the  great  amount  of  literature  of  a  general 
nature  on  the  geology  and  mining  industry  of  the  State.  The  excellent 
bibliography  of  A.  W.  Vodges,  Bulletin  30  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau, 
may  be  referred  to  for  such  literature. 

The  various  kinds  of  minerals  have  been  grouped  under  a  chemical 
classification  in  order  to  be  more  instructive  and  show  better  the  rela- 
tions of  the  various  species  and  varieties.  The  crystal  forms  have  been 
cited  and  the  chemical  analysis  given,  to  show  what  has  been  done  in 
these  two  lines  of  work  on  California  minerals. 

New  minerals  and  important  localities  for  known  minerals  are  con- 
stantly being  discovered  as  California  becomes  more  settled  and  pros- 
pected, and  this  list  must  be  considered  more  as  a  check-list  to  form  a 
basis  for  continual  additions. 

March,  1914. 


CHAPTER  I. 


NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 


yon-metals. 

Metals. 

Metals. 

Diamond. 

Gold. 

Platinum. 

Graphite. 

Gold  amalgam. 

Iridium. 

Sulphur. 

Bismuth  gold. 

Platiuiridiuni 

Electrum. 

Palladium. 

Silver. 

Iridosmiue. 

Semi-metals. 

Copper. 

Osmium. 

Antimony. 

Mercury. 

Rhodium. 

Arsenic. 

Lead. 

Ruthenium. 

Bismuth. 

Tin. 

Iron. 

Tellurium. 

Zinc. 

A\varuite. 

1.     DIAMOND. 

Native  carbon,  C. 

Isometric.  Octahedrons  and  hexoctahedrons  common.  Crystal  faces 
often  cui-ved.  Perfect  octahedral  cleavage.  Brittle.  Yellow  and  colorless 
crystals  common.  Red,  orange,  green,  blue,  brown  and  black  are  rarer 
shades.     H  =  10  ;  G  =  3.5. 

Bort  is  a  hard  rounded  form  without  distinct  cleavage,  unsuitable  for  gems. 

Carionado  is  a  hard  black  variety  without  cleavage. 

Diamonds  were  found  in  California  soon  after  placer  mining  began. 
As  early  as  1849,  Lyman^^^  reported  seeing  a  pale  yellow  crystal 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  which  came  from  one  of  the  placers.  A 
few  years  later  they  were  observed  in  the  gold  gravels  at  Cherokee, 
Butte  County,  and  this  locality  became  the  most  noted  one  in  the  State 
for  the  number  found. 

Placer  deposits  elsewhere  have  also  yielded  them  from  time  to  time, 
so  their  occurrence  has  not  been  limited  to  any  one  field.  No  record 
has  been  kept  of  the  total  numl)er  found  but  it  is  probably  between 
four  and  five  hundred.  Since  all  of  them  have  been  chance  finds,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  many  more  have  been  overlooked  or  destroyed. 
A  few  of  the  .stones  found  are  over  two  carats  in  weight  and  of  good 
quality,  but  the  majority  are  small  and  mo.stly  "off  color,"  usually 
with  a  pale  yellow  tinge.  Most  of  these  diamonds  now  in  the  possession 
of  different  individuals  were  found  during  the  days  when  placer  mining 
and  hydraulicking  were  at  their  heiglit,  and  since  that  time  diamond 
finds  have  been  rare. 

The  mode  of  origin  and  sources  of  the  diamond  arc  as  yet  unknown. 
They  have  only  been  found  in  placer  gravels  and  in  "black  sands"  and 
concentrates  of  placer  mines.  Presumably  their  origin  has  been  in  the 
basic  igneous  rocks  from  which  the  serpentines  of  tlie  gold  regions 


8  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

have  been  derived,  and  continued  search  may  yet  reveal  them  in  siiu. 
The  discovery  near  Oroville  of  an  apparent  pipe  of  serpentinized  rock 
bearing  a  resemblance  to  the  diamond  pipes  of  South  Africa  has  led  to 
some  active  operations  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Diamond  Min- 
ing Company,  and  a  shaft  has  been  sunk,  which  has  not  proved  success- 
ful. The  rock  is  a  hard  eclogite  differing  in  its  character  from  the 
kimberlite  of  South  Africa.  Hanks  ^^^^  gives  an  interesting  account 
of  the  diamonds  found  during  the  early  days  of  gold  mining,  and 
Turner ^^^  contributes  a  short  article  on  California  diamonds. 

Amador  County:  A  few  small  stones  have  been  picked  up  near  the 
towns  of  Volcano,  Oleta  and  Fiddletown. 

Butte  County:  In  1853  it  was  observed  that  diamonds  occurred  in 
the  gravels  at  Cherokee  Flat,  about  nine  miles  north  of  Oroville.  More 
than  three  hundred  good  diamonds  have  been  obtained  from  the  placers 
in  this  district  and  it  leads  all  other  districts  in  the  State.  It  seems 
quite  probable  that  the  source  of  these  diamonds  is  not  far  from  this 
vicinity.  Silliman^'^)^^^  gave  the  contents  of  the  black  sands  at  Chero- 
kee as  platinum,  iridium,  iridosmine,  gold,  pyrite,  chromite,  magnetite, 
limonite,  diamonds,  quartz,  rutile,  almandite  garnet,  topaz,  zircon  and 
epidote. 

El  Dorado  County :  A  diamond  weighing  1^  carats  was  found  at 
Forest  Hill.  About  sixty  have  been  found  near  Placerville,  namely,  on 
Webber  Creek,  in  "Wliite  Rock  canyon  and  at  Smith's  Flat. 

Fresno  County :  Small  diamonds  are  reported  to  have  been  found  a 
few  miles  north  of  Coalinga. 

Nevada  County :  A  1-^  carat  stone  was  found  at  French  Corral. 

Siskiyou  Count}' :  Diamonds  occur  in  the  placer  gravels  at  Hamburg 
Bar. 

Trinit}^  County :  INIicroscopic  examinations  of  the  black  sands  of 
Trinity  River  and  some  of  its  tributaries  have  shown  the  presence  of 
small  diamonds  as  a  constituent  of  these  sands. 


2.     GRAPHITE— Plumbago— Black    Lead. 

Native  carbon,  C. 

Hexagonal,  rhombobedral.     Commonly  in  scaly  or  foliated  masses.     Color 
dark  steel-gray  to  dull  black.     Perfect  basal   cleavage.     Soft  with   greasy 
feel.     Hrrl  — 2;  G  =  2.2. 
Graphite  is  a  common  constituent  of  crystalline  limestones  and  is 
often  disseminated  through  the  limestone  in  minute  flakes  and  in  larger 
foliated  masses.     It  is  also  prominent  as  layers  in  some  schists  and 
gneisses  and  when  present  in  considerable  amount  the  graphitic  gneiss 
or  schist  is  sometimes  mined  for  the  graphite.     In  mining  districts  it  is 
often  seen  coating  the  walls  of  veins  and  mixed  with  the  talcose  gouge. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  9 

No  extensive  deposits  of  good  qiialit}-  graphite  are  known  to  occur  in 
the  State,  but  a  few  small  deposits  have  been  Avorked  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  paints  and  lubricants.  Much  of  the  graphite  of  California  is 
so  intimately  mixed  Avith  silica  that  its  separation  as  pure  material  is 
too  expensive  an  operation.  It  is  typically  a  constituent  of  meta- 
morphic  rocks  and  as  such  may  be  found  in  every  county.  Aubury^^^ 
describes  some  of  the  deposits  of  the  State. 

Calaveras  County :  It  occurs  in  the  copper-bearing  schists,  and  speci- 
mens have  come  from  Copperopolis  and  Campo  Seco. 

Del  Norte  County :  The  limestone  near  Gasquet  contains  foliated 
plates  of  the  mineral. 

Fresno  County:  Prominent  mineral  in  the  rocks  near  Dunlap  and  at 
Borer  Hill. 

Humboldt  County :  Occurs  near  Eureka. 

Los  Angeles  Country :  Found  in  the  schists  at  West  Carbondale  and  in 
the  limestone  near  Elizabeth  Lake.  A  deposit  of  graphite  gneiss  is  said 
to  occur  in  the  Verdugo  Canyon,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Los  Angeles. 

Mendocino  County :  A  deposit  occurs  about  fifteen  miles  east  of 
Point  Arena  which  has  been  worked  for  paint  and  lubricant. 

^Monterey  County :  Graphite  is  disseminated  in  the  limestones  and 
metamorphics  of  the  Santa  Lucia  range,  sxuth  of  ]\Ionterey. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Large  deposits  are  said  to  exist  in  San  Ber- 
nardino mountains,  fifteen  miles  from  East  Highlands,  Aubury*^^\ 
It  is  also  found  as  a  constituent  of  the  limestone  near  Colton  and  near 
Oro  Grande. 

Santa  Cruz  Count\- :  Occurs  in  flakes  and  foliated  masses  at  the  lime- 
stone (juarries  near  Santa  Cruz. 

Sonoma  County :  A  deposit  near  Guerneville,  one  a  few  miles  south 
of  Healdsburg  and  one  four  miles  south  of  Petaluma,  are  known  in 
this  county.  Specimens  have  come  from  Cazadero.  Pine  Flat  and 
Santa  Hosa. 

Tulare  County :  Graphite  occurs  in  metamorphic  rock  in  Drum  Val- 
ley, north  of  Auckland,  and  on  quartz  at  Three  Rivers. 

Tuolumne  County :  Large  foliated  masses  and  dull  earthy  masses  of 
the  mineral  occur  in  the  limestones  north  of  Sonora,  near  Columbia. 
The  mineral  was  formerly  mined  here,  but  none  is  now  produced. 


3.     SULPHUR. 

Native  .sulphur,   S. 

Orthorhombic.     Common    iu    small    crystal    coatings    and    incrustations. 
Sulphur — yellow  color.     Resinous  luster.     II  =  1.5 — 2.5  ;  G  =  2. 

Yellow  sulphur  is  common  in  the  vicinity  of  geysers,  hot  springs  and 

volcanoes  as  sublimations  from  the  emitted  hydrogen  sulphide  gas  in 


10  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

contact  with  the  air,  and  as  precipitations  from  solfataric  waters.  It  is 
commonly  found  in  gypsum  beds  as  a  reduced  product,  and  in  associa- 
tion with  borax.  No  workable  deposits  are  known  in  the  State.  For 
the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  pyrite  deposits  and  pyrite  concen- 
trates from  the  gold  and  copper  mines  are  utilized. 

Colusa  County :  On  the  banks  of  Sulphur  Creek  solfataric  action 
has  produced  fine  crystallized  masses  and  granular  coatings  of  the 
mineral,  sometimes  in  association  with  cinnabar  and  good  specimens 
have  come  from  the  Manzanita  mine. 

Imperial  County:  The  mud  volcanoes  near  Volcano  have  rims  of 
sulphur  crystals  associated  with  gypsum  and  salt.  These  volcanoes 
have  been  described  by  Hanks  *^*\ 

Inyo  County :  Sulphur  Bank  on  Owens  Lake,  near  Olancha  con- 
tains a  deposit  of  the  mineral.  Specimens  of  sulphur  with  fluorite  and 
■gypsum  have  been  found  in  the  Defiance  mine. 

Kern  County :  On  both  sides  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  impure  beds 
of  gypsum  and  limestone  occur,  having  considerable  sulphur  inter- 
mixed.    It  is  mixed  with  alum  in  the  Sunset  district. 

Lake  County:  At  the  Sulphur  Bank  quicksilver  mine,  situated  on 
Clear  Lake,  a  very  interesting  deposit  of  sulphur  occurs  which  was 
described  by  Le  Conte  and  Rising(i>  and  by  Becker^^^.  The  black 
basaltic  rock  which  outcrops  on  the  lake  has  been  bleached  white  and 
altered  to  a  porus  mass  of  silica  by  the  action  of  the  sulphuric  acid 
fumes  coming  from  several  hydrogen  sulphide  vents.  The  pores  and 
cavities  of  this  altered  mass  of  rock  have  had  deposited  in  them  brilliant 
crystals  of  sulphur  and  acicular  crystals  of  cinnabar.  The  forms  of  the 
sulphur  crystals  are :  (111),  (113),  (Oil),  (101),  and  (001).  Sulphur 
was  obtained  in  considerable  quantity  from  this  deposit  before  it  was 
discovered  to  overlie  the  much  richer  deposit  of  cinnabar.  Sulphur  also 
occurred  associated  with  borax  at  Little  Borax  Lake,  just  south  of 
Clear  Lake. 

Mariposa  County :  Crystals  of  sulphur  have  been  found  with  cinna- 
bar on  Horseshoe  Bend  Mountain,  near  Coulterville. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  as  one  of 
the  many  associated  minerals  of  borax. 

Sonoma  County :  Native  sulphur  is  found  at  the  Geysers. 

Tehama  County:  A  large  crystalline  deposit  is  said  to  exist  on  the 
south  slope  of  Lassen  Butte  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Ventura  County :  Deposits  occur  in  Sulphur  Mountain,  three  miles 
east  of  Fillmore,  and  at  the  borate  deposit  of  the  Frazier  Mountains. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  11 

4.     ANTIMONY. 

Native  autimony.     Sb. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.  Generally  massive.  Perfect  basal  cleavage. 
Very  brittle.  Color  and  streak  tin-white.  H  =  3  —  3.5.  G  =  6.6o  — 6.72. 
Metallic  luster. 

Masses  of  metallic  antimony  are  sometimes  found  associated  with  the 
sulphide  of  antimony,  stibnite,  Init  the  mineral  is  comparatively  rare. 

Kern  County :  Large  nodules  of  metallic  antimony,  coated  with 
white  oxide  of  antimony  have  ])een  found  on  Erskine  Creek,  east  of 
Vaughn.  It  has  also  been  found  in  the  Buffalo  mine  and  in  the  anti- 
mony mines  of  the  San  Emidio  Mountains,  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  county. 


5.     ARSENIC. 
Native  ai-senic,  As. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.     Generally    granular   massive    in  reniform 

shapes.     Perfect  basal  cleavage.     Brittle.     Color  and   streak  tin-white 

but   surface   usually   tarnishes   dark   gray    or   black.     Luster  metallic. 
H=3.5;  G  =  5.63  — 5.73. 

Metallic  arsenic  is  a  rare  mineral  and  its  existence  in  the  State  is 
doubtful.  Arsenic  is  common  in  the  concentrates  of  many  of  the  gold 
mines,  but  it  comes  from  such  minerals  as  arsenopyrite  or  arsenical 
tetrahedrite. 

Monterey  County :  The  native  metal  was  said  to  have  been  found  in 
the  old  Alisal  mine  on  El  Rancho  Alisal,  about  eight  miles  southeast 
of  Salinas,  in  the  foothills  of  the  Gabilan  range,  W.  P.  Blake^^^.  This 
mine  contained  a  small  body  of  argentiferous  galena  and  sphalerite. 


6.     BISMUTH. 

Native  bismuth,  Bi. 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral.  Usually  in  arborescent-reticulated  shapes. 
Color  silver-white  with  reddish  tinge,  tarnishing  dark  brown.  Luster  me- 
tallic.    H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  9.70  — 9.83. 

Crystals  and  veinlets  of  metallic  bismuth  sometimes  accompany  ores 
of  l)isinuth,  cobalt,,  silver  and  gold.  It  is  also  occasionally  found  in 
pegmatitic  veins.  When  bismutli  occurs  in  the  concentrates  of  gold 
and  copper  ores  it  i)robably  is  present  as  a  sulphide. 

Inyo  County:  Found  with  bismuthinite  at  liig  Pine  Creek  and  at 
Antelope  Springs,  Deep  Spring  Valley. 

Mono  County :  Specimens  have  occurred  at  Oasis. 

Nevada  County :  The  concentrates  of  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada 
City,  contained  the  element,  according  to  Lindgren^^^ 


12  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

San  Diego  County:  Upwards  of  a  hundred  pounds  of  metallic  bis- 
muth have  been  obtained  from  the  pegmatitic  vein  of  quartz,  lepidolite, 
feldspar,  tourmaline  and  amblygonite  at  the  Stewart  mine  of  the  Ameri- 
can Lithia  company,  at  Pala.  The  mineral  occurred  in  platy  and  long 
prismatic  crystals,  one  of  which  was  a  pseudomorph  after  feldspar. 
The  occurrence  was  described  by  Kunz^^^  The  native  bismuth  is  also 
found  in  small  metallic  cleavages  in  lepidolite  at  the  Victor  mine 
Rincon.     Rogers^^^ 

Tuolumne  County :  Minute  crystals  of  bismuth  have  been  observed 
in  the  gold  ore  at  the  Soulsby  mine. 


7.     TELLURIUM. 

Native  tellurium,  Te. 

Hexag'onal-rliombohedral.  Generally  massive.  Perfect  prismatic  cleav- 
age. Brittle,  and  sectile.  Color  and  streak  tin-white.  Luster  metallic. 
H  =  2.  —  2.5;  0  =  6.1  —  6.3. 

Metallic  tellurium  is  sometimes  found  in  association  with  the  tel- 
lurides  of  gold,  silver,  lead  and  bismuth,  but  it  is  of  rare  occurrence. 
It  is  occasionally  found  in  the  gold  concentrates  when  not  visil)le  in  the 
ore,  and  has  been  reported  from  some  of  the  mining  districts  of  Jthe 
State. 

Calaveras  County :  Carson  Hill,  a  low  hill  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Stanislaus  River,  a  few  miles  south  of  Angels,  was  one  of  the  most 
noted  places  along  the  Mother  Ijode  for  telluride  minerals,  and  it  was 
here  that  the  two  new  tellurides,  calaverite  and  melonite  were  found. 
The  old  Stanislaus  mine  and  the  Melones  mine  contained  foliated 
masses  of  native  tellurium  with  the  gold  tellurides. 

Shasta  County :  Native  tellurium  was  found  in  the  Eureka  mine,  near 
Churntown. 

Tuolumne  County :  Some  metallic  tellurium  has  been  found  associ- 
ated with  tellurides  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  mines  near  Tuttletown  and 
Jamestown. 


8.     GOLD. 

Native  gold,  Au. 

Isometric.  Good  crystals  are  rare.  Common  in  grains,  scales,  plates  and 
arborescent  forms.  No  cleavage.  Highly  malleable  and  ductile.  Color 
gold-yellow.     H  =  2.5  —  3.0  ;  G  =  15.6  —  19.3. 

Gold  has  a  very  wide  distribution  in  California  and  it  has  always 

been  the  chief  mineral  product  of  the  State.     It  has  been  found  in 

every  county  and  is  now  produced  in  two  thirds  of  them.     Practically 

all  of  the  gold  exists  as  the  native  metal,  either  as  free  gold  in  the 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  13 

quartz  or  else  mechanically  mixed  M'itli  the  sulphides  of  iron,  copper, 
lead  or  zinc.  Tellurides  of  gold  occur,  but  they  are  quite  subordinate 
in  quantity. 

Crystals,  arborescent  groups,  spongiform  masses,  wires,  plates,  scales, 
grains,  nuggets  and  every  shape  knowTi  for  gold,  have  been  found. 
Cubes,  rhombic-dodecahedrons  and  octahedrons  are  the  prevailing  forms 
of  the  crystals.  The  forms  given  by  E.  S.  Dana  *^i^  and  Alger^^^  for  some 
placer  gold  crystals  were:  (111),  (811),  (18.10.1)  and  (421),  with 
twinning  on  the  octahedral  plane.  Crystalline  masses  and  nuggets  of 
large  size  have  occurred  in  the  placer  gravels  and  in  the  pockets  of 
quartz  veins.  One  found  in  1854  at  Carson  Hill,  Calaveras  County, 
weighed  2,340  troy  ounces,  and  another  found  in  1860  at  the  ]\Ionu- 
mental  mine,  Sierra  Buttes,  weighed  1,596  ounces.  Many  valuable  nug- 
gets and  masses  have  been  found  and  Hanks'"*^  gives  a  descriptive  list 
of  some  of  them. 

Gold  in  (juartz  is  the  usual  association  and  the  mineral  is  often  iu  the 
quartz  in  such  a  finely  divided  state  as  to  be  invisible,  even  in  high 
grade  rock.  Flaky  gold  has  been  found  implanted  on  clear  quartz 
crystals  at  Placerville  and  elsewhere. 

Gold  in  pyrite,  or  "auriferous  pyrite,"  is  abundant  and  this  gold- 
bearing  pyrite  is  the  source  of  much  of  the  gold  produced  in  the  State. 

Gold  in  arsenopyrite  is  also  common  in  the  Mother  Lode  region  and 
in  the  Alleghany  district,  Sierra  County. 

Gold  with  calcite  as  a  gangue  mineral  is  not  uncommon,  and  in  some 
mines  considerable  calcite  is  found  with  wires  and  scales  of  included 
gold.  Lenticular  masses  of  calcite  with  much  gold  are  found  in  Miuers- 
ville.  Trinity  County.  Diller^^^  It  has  been  found  with  calcite  at 
the  Palma  mine,  Inyo  County,  at  the  Yellowstone  mine,  Mariposa 
County,  in  the  Soulsby  mine,  Tuolumne  County,  and  in  the  Calico 
district,  San  Bernardino  County. 

Gold  in  barite  is  uncommon,  yet  barite  is  found  to  be  a  gangue  min- 
eral in  the  copper-gold  districts  as  well  as  in  the  silver-lead  districts. 
It  occurs  in  barite  at  Pine  Grove,  Nevada  County,  in  the  Morning  Star 
mine,  Big  Bend,  Butte  County,  at  the  Malakoff  mine,  North  Bloomfield. 
Nevada  County,  and  in  the  barite  of  some  of  the  Shasta  County  copper 
mines. 

Gold  in  cinnabar  is  an  exceptional  occurrence,  j^et  the  association  has 
been  noted  in  a  few  localities.  At  the  old  Manzanita  mine  iu  the 
Sulphur  Creek  district,  Colusa  County,  minute  specks  of  gold  occurred 
in  the  cinnabar  and  implanted  on  cinnabar  crystals;  also  in  the  old 
liedington  or  Boston  mine,  Knoxville,  Napa  County,  some  gold  has 
been  found  with  the  cinnabar,  and  likewise  near  Coulterville,  in  the 
Horseshoe  Bend  mountain.  Mariposa  County. 


14  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

In  additiou  to  the  above,  gold  has  been  observed  with  graphite, 
galena,  altaite,  petzite,  hessite,  tetradymite,  calaverite,  native  tellurium, 
chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  native  bismuth,  stibnite,  sphalerite,  tetrahe- 
drite,  fluorite,  chalcedony,  jasper,  cuprite,  magnetite,  hematite,  limonite, 
pyrolusite,  dolomite,  ankerite,  rhodochrosite,  siderite,  albite,  rhodonite, 
mariposite,  chlorite,  roscoelite,  talc,  serpentine,  asbestos,  chrysocolla, 
and  asphaltuni.  Gold  is  not  confined  to  one  class  of  rocks,  although  the 
gold-bearing  quartz  veins  are  principally  in  metamorphic  schists  and 
slates.  The  original  source  of  the  gold  has  been  the  igneous  rocks  and 
it  has  been  found  in  granites,  syenites,  monzonites,  granodiorites,  dio- 
rites,  rhyolites,  quartz-porphyries,  andesites,  porphyrites  and  diabases. 
It  has  been  deposited,  with  quartz  or  as  impregnations,  in  such  meta- 
morphic rocks  as  gneisses,  amphibolites,  chlorite-schists,  talc-schists, 
mica-schists,  slates  and  quartzites,  and  in  sedimentary  conglomerates, 
sandstones  and  shales. 

The  great  supply  of  gold  was  brought  into  California  with  the  intru- 
sion through  the  Mesozoic  sediments  of  the  mass  of  igneous  granitic 
rock  which  forms  the  core  of  the  lofty  Sierras.  The  intrusion  of  the 
great  plutonic  mass  lifted  on  high  the  overlying  sediments,  tilted, 
folded,  faulted,  and  metamorphosed  the  Cretaceous  sediments  on  the 
flanks  of  the  uplift  into  slates,  schists,  quartzites  and  crystalline  lime- 
stones, and  in  the  joints  and  fissures  of  the  granitic  and  metamorphic 
rocks,  gold-bearing  quartz  was  deposited,  forming  veins  and  seams  of 
the  precious  metal. 

Then  followed  a  long  period  of  erosion  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Ter- 
tiary time  in  which  the  high  mountain  masses  were  planed  down  nearer 
to  their  present  levels,  and  the  gold  became  concentrated  and  deposited 
with  the  gravels  along  the  stream  beds,  and  in  the  valleys  and  canyons, 
forming  the  numerous  placer  deposits. 

Volcanic  eruptions  took  place  in  the  late  Tertiary  and  much  of  the 
surface  in  the  northern  counties  became  covered  with  thick  layers  of 
rhyolitic  and  andesitic  lavas  and  tuffs.  The  old  placers  became  buried 
under  this  mass  of  volcanic  rock  and  mud,  and  new  river  channels, 
valleys  and  canyons,  and  new  placer  deposits  were  formed  by  the 
extensive  erosion  during  the  late  Pliocene  and  early  Quarternary  time. 

Some  gold  is  found  in  the  Coast  Range  and  some  is  mined  in  the 
southern  counties,  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  precious  metal  comes  from 
the  northern  half  of  the  State  and  from  those  counties  bordering  on, 
and  intersected  by,  the  Sierra  Mountains. 

Gold  occurs  in  so  many  localities  in  the  State  that  it  would  be  useless 
to  try  to  enumerate  them.  The  literature  on  the  gold  deposits  is  also 
extensive. 


MINERAl>S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  15 

Gold  Amalgam. — A  native  alloy  of  gold  and  mercury  very  rarely  found. 
Mariposa  County :  It  occurred  in  some  of  the  mines  near  Mariposa 
and  was  analysed  by  Sonnenschein^^^ 

Analyses:  Au  Hg 

39.02  60.9S  per  cent 

41.63  58.37 

Nevada  County :  It  was  reported  from  the  Odin  shaft,  Grass  Valley, 
by  Lindgren  (^>. 

Electrum. — A  pale  yellow  alloy  of  gold  and  silver  of  rather  frequent 
occurrence  where  considerable  silver  is  found  with  gold. 

Imperial  County:  Considerable  quantity  of  electrum  is  said  to  have 
been  found  in  the  Oro  Plata  mine,  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the 
county. 

Madera  County :  Wire  electrum  occurred  with  gold  in  Fine  Gold 
Gulch. 

Placer  County:  It  occurred  with  the  gold  in  the  Ophir  District, 
according  to  Lindgren^'*^  and  was  analysed  by  Hillebrand. 

Analysis :  Ag  Au 

27.91  72.09  per  cent 

Bismuth  Gold. — An  alloy  containing  about  60  per  cent  gold  and  40 
per  cent  bismuth. 
El  Dorado  County:  Observed  in  the  Coon  Hollow  mine  near  Placer- 
ville. 


9.     SILVER. 

Native  silver,  Ag. 

Isometric.  Crystals  rare.  Generally  in  wires,  arborescent  shapes  and 
massive.  Color  silver-white  but  soon  tarnishes  to  dark  brown.  Malleable 
and   ductile.     Metallic   luster.     H==2.5  — 3;    G  =  10.5. 

Native  silver  has  not  been  found  in  any  large  masses  in  the  State,  yet 
the  element  is  quite  universally  present  in  the  gold  and  copper  districts, 
and  occasionally  arborescent  crystallizations,  wires  and  thin  sheets  are 
found  in  the  mines  of  these  metals.  It  is  more  common,  however,  in 
the  silver-lead  districts,  where  it  occurs  often  near  the  walls  of  veins  or 
in  the  vicinity  of  intrusive  dikes,  as  a  reduction  product. 

Alpine  County :  The  Silver  Mountain  district  has  yielded  good  speci- 
mens of  native  silver. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurred  in  arborescent  forms  with  the  copper 
ore  at  Quail  Hill. 


16  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  This  is  one  of  the  silver  counties  of  the  State  and  has 
several  deposits  of  argentiferous  galena,  tetrahedrite  and  silver-anti- 
mony minerals,  formed  along  the  contact  between  limestone  and  the 
granitic  rock  of  the  Inyo,  Coso  and  Argus  ranges.  Fine  specimens 
have  come  from  the  old  Cerro  Gordo  district  and  also  from  the  Kear- 
sarge  district  near  Independence. 

Kern  County :  In  the  Amalie  district  and  near  Garlock  it  occurs  with 
the  silver  minerals. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Native  silver  was  associated  with  argentite, 
and  with  cobalt  and  nickel  minerals,  at  the  Kelsey  mine  in  San  Gabriel 
Canyon. 

Mono  County :  In  the  silver  district  at  Blind  Spring  Hill,  near 
Benton,  the  native  metal  was  frequent,  associated  'v^dth  tetrahedrite  and 
partzite.  The  Diana  mine  and  the  Comaehe  mine  of  this  district  have 
produced  good  specimens.  At  Bodie  it  has  been  found  with  the  copper- 
gold  ores.  In  the  Sweetwater  range,  north  of  Bridgeport,  native  silver 
occurs  associated  with  gold,  cerargyrite.  argentite,  etc. 

Placer  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  associated  minerals  with  gold  at 
the  Opliir  mine,  Liudgren^^^ 

Plumas  Countj^:  Some  native  silver  has  been  found  in  the  old  Poca- 
hontas mine  associated  with  native  copper  and  cuprite. 

San  Bernardino  County :  This  county  has  long  been  known  for  its 
deposits  of  silver  haloids.  The  Calico  district,  described  by  Ling- 
gren^i)  and  Storms^^^,  the  Grapevine  district,  the  Silver  Keef  district 
and  the  Silver  Mountain  district  have  all  produced  some  native  silver 
with  the  cerargyrite  and  embolite  of  the  mines.  Native  silver  with 
gold  occurs  in  the  Avawatz  Mountains. 

Shasta  County:  Native  silver  is  rare  in  the  copper  deposits  of  this 
county,  but  an  occasional  arborescent  specimen  has  been  found  at  the 
Bully  Hill,  Afterthought  and  other  mines.  Fine  crystallized  speci- 
mens occurred  in  the  old  Excelsior  mine,  Copper  City,  Fairbanks^^)^ 


10.     COPPER. 

Native  copper,  Cn. 

Isometric.  Good  crystals  rare.  Generally  in  wires,  thin  sheets  and 
arborescent  crystallizations.  No  cleavage.  Malleable  and  ductile.  Luster 
metallic.     Color  copper-red.     H  =  2.5  —  3;G  =  S.83. 

Some  metallic  copper  has  been  found  in  most  of  the  copper  mines  of 
the  State,  but  no  deposits  of  the  native  metal  are  kno^Ti.  It  is  fre- 
quently mixed  with  cuprite  and  malachite  in  the  oxidized  zone  of  copper 
deposits,  or  found  as  coatings  along  the  walls  of  copper  veins,  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  intrusive  dikes,  which  have  brought  about  a  reduction  of  the 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  17 

ores.     Most  of  the  localities  cited  for  chalcopyrite  have  yielded  some 
native  copper. 

Alameda  County :  At  the  Alma  pyrite  mine  on  Leona  Heights,  east 
of  Oakland,  fine  arborescent  crystallizations  of  the  native  metal  are 
occasionally  found.  The  minerals  of  this  mine  have  been  described  by 
Schaller(i). 

Amador  County :  Arl)orescent  masses  occurred  in  the  old  Newton 
mine. 

Calaveras  County :  Some  of  the  mines  along  the  copper-sulphide  belt, 
especially  at  Copperopolis  and  at  Campo  Seco,  have  produced  some  of 
the  mineral.     At  Mokelumne  Hill  it  occurred  associated  with  silver. 

Colusa  County :  Found  in  serpentine  with  cuprite  and  melaconite  at 
the  Gray  Eagle  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  Some  large  pieces  have  come  from  the  Diamond 
C'reek  district  and  from  the  Pearl  and  Occidental  mines. 

El  Dorado  County :  The  old  Cosumnes  mine,  near  Fairplay,  has 
yielded  small  masses  of  native  copper  with  bornite,  chalcocite  and 
cuprite.  The  Alabaster  Cave  mine  near  Newcastle,  the  Cambrian  mine 
near  Placerville,  the  Ford  mines  near  Georgetown  and  the  Oest  mine 
near  Auburn,  have  had  native  copper  with  the  cuprite. 

Fresno  County :  Thin  sheets  have  been  found  in  quartz  east  of  Fresno 
City. 

Glenn  County :  Large  float  pieces  have  been  found  a  few  miles  north 
of  Chrome  Mountain  and  also  on  Elk  Cteek. 

Humboldt  County :  Many  specimens  occur  on  Red  Cap  and  Boise 
creeks  and  also  in  the  Horse  Mountains. 

Inyo  County :  The  copper  deposits  in  the  Ubehebe  Mountains  contain 
the  oxides  of  copper  and  some  native  copper. 

Los  Angeles  County :  At  the  Free  Cuba  mine,  near  Acton. 

Mariposa  County :  Massive  with  malachite  in  the  Copper  Queen  mine. 

Mendocino  County :  Sheets  and  grains  of  metallic  copper  occur  at 
Red  Mountain,  fifteen  miles  southeast  of  Ukiah.  It  is  also  seen  in  the 
serpentines  in  Lost  Valley. 

Merced  County :  Occurs  with  quartz  and  chalcopyrite  in  the  Victor 
Bonanza  mines. 

Mono  County :  Found  sparingly  in  the  Lundy  and  Benton  districts. 

Placer  County:  At  the  Algol  mine  near  Spenceville  in  sheets  and 
hackly  masses ;  at  the  Valley  View  mine,  six  miles  from  Lincoln ;  and 
near  Todd  on  magnetite.  Lindgren^4>  reported  it  as  one  of  the  minerals 
of  the  Ophir  district. 

Plumas  County:  Found  with  rhodonite  at  Mumford's  Hill.  Large 
lumps  occurred  with  cuprite,  malachite  and  native  silver  in  the  old 
Pocohontas  mine,  Indian  Valley. 

2—8560 


18  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Riverside  County :  In  the  McCoy  Mountain  district. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  At  the  Tiptop  mine,  ten  miles  north  of 
San  Luis  Obispo,  and  on  Chorro  Creek  in  small  pieces. 

Shasta  County :  This  is  the  principal  copper  county  and  many  of 
the  mines  have  produced  specimens  of  arborescent  copper  and  occa- 
sionally compact  masses.  The  Bully  Hill  mines,  Copper  City  mines, 
Shasta  King  mine,  Mountain  Copper  mine,  Mammoth  mine,  Balaklala 
mine  and  Kosk  Creek  mines  may  be  mentioned. 

Siskiyou  County :  Pieces  have  been  found  at  Preston  Peak  with  pyrite 
and  chalcopyrite. 

Tehama  County :  On  Elder  Creek  and  at  White  Bluff. 

Tulare  County:  Masses  have  been  found  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  the 
Tule  River,  about  thirty  miles  east  of  Porterville. 


11.     MERCURY— Quicksilver. 

Native  mercury,  Hg. 

Liquid.     Forms  small  fluid  globules  in  the  matrix  which  is  usually  cinna- 
bar.    Color   tin-white.     Brilliant   metallic   luster.     G  =  13.59. 

Liquid  globules  of  mercury  are  common  in  most  of  the  cinnabar 
mines,  formed  either  by  reduction  of  the  sulphide  or  by  sublimation  of 
mercuric  vapors.  It  prevails  in  deep  workings  and  in  those  parts  of 
ill-ventilated  mines  where  intense  heat  is  developed  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  iron  sulphides.  It  is  also  frequently  found  near  the  walls  of 
cinnabar  veins.  Most  of  the  localities  cited  for  cinnabar  will  serve 
for  the  metallic  element. 

Napa  County:  Frequent  in  the  mines  at  Oak  Hill  and  Knoxville. 
In  the  Wall  Street  mine  it  was  abundant  in  the  gravels. 

San  Benito  County :  In  the  cinnabar  deposits  at  New  Idria. 

San  Francisco  County :  Liquid  globules  have  been  found  in  silicious 
rock  near  Twin  Peaks. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Very  prevalent  in  some  of  the  shafts  at  New 
Almaden. 


12.     LEAD. 

Native  lead,  Pb. 

Isometric.     Crystals    rare.     Usually    in    small    plates    and    pellets.     Mal- 
leable.    Color  lead-gray.     H  =  1.5;   G  =  11.37. 

Metallic  lead  is  an  exceedingly  rare  mineral  and  its  reported  occur- 
rence as  a  true  mineral  is  sometimes  doubtful.  Small  bits  of  lead  which 
are  now  and  then  found  in  the  placer  gravels  may  be  portions  of  lead 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  19 

bullets,  but  the  occurrence  of  the  metal  in  deep  placer  mines  is  indicative 
of  its  origin  as  a  natural  reduction  product. 

Butte  County:  Some  pieces  of  metallic  lead  found  in  a  placer  at 
Magalia  were  believed  by  Hanks <^>  to  be  flattened  bullets.  Small 
angular  fragments  of  native  lead  have  been  found  at  a  prospect  14 
miles  east  of  Chico,  on  the  West  Fork  of  the  Feather  Elver,  Rogers^^^. 

Kern  Coimty :  Several  pieces  of  metallic  lead  have  been  found  in  the 
dry  Avashings  at  Goler. 

Placer  County :  Small  pellets  of  native  lead  have  been  found  in  a 
placer  mine  in  North  Ravine,  in  the  Edgewood  district,  adjoining  the 
Ophir  district. 


13.     TIN. 

Native  tin,   Sn. 
Rounded   grains.     Color   tin-white.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2;    G  =  7.1S. 

Metallic  tin  is  a  rare  mineral  and  there  is  some  doubt  regarding  the 
origin  of  some  of  the  small  pieces  found  in  the  State. 

Humboldt  County :  Bits  of  metallic  tin  have  been  observed  in  the 
sluices  at  Orleans. 

Siskiyou  County :  Small  pieces  of  tin  have  been  found  in  the  gravels 
at  Sawyers  Bar. 

Tuolumne  County :  Several  pieces  of  native  tin  were  found  in  the 
sluices  of  the  White  Lead  gravel  claim,  near  Columbia. 


14.     ZINC. 
Native  zinc,  Zu. 

Hexasonal.    rhombohedral.     Crystals    very     rare.     Color    grayish     white. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  2;  0  =  6.9  —  7.2. 

A  rare  mineral,  but  of  probable  occurrence  in  the  State. 

Shasta  County :  Specimens  of  metallic  zinc  were  found  some  years 
ago  about  five  miles  from  Round  jMountain  and  their  occurrence  was 
reported  by  Fairbanks^"^  The  specimens  are  somewhat  columnar  in 
appearance  and  had  some  rock  attached  to  them  when  found. 


15.      PLATINUM. 
Native  platinum.   Pt. 

Isometric.  Generally  occurs  in  grains  and  small  nuggets.  Malleable 
and  ductile.  Color  light  steel-gray.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  4  —  4.5; 
0  =  14  —  19. 

Gray  metallic   grains   and  small   nuggets   of  platinum   were   early 

observed  in  some  of  the  gold-bearing  black  sands  of  the  streams  and 


Ir 

Iridos 

Pd 

Rh 

Fe 

Cu 

Au 

SiOr; 

1.05 

1.10 

0.60 

1.00 

6.75 

1.40 

o.so 

2.95 

2.42 

0.68 

some 

some 

6.66 







20  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

beaches,  and  also  iu  the  concentrates  from  the  gold  washings.  Little 
attempt  was  made  to  save  this  precious  metal,  and  it  is  only  recently 
that  any  record  has  been  kept  of  the  production.  It  is  rather  a  constant 
associate  of  the  gold  in  most  of  the  districts,  and  its  origin  lies  doubt- 
less in  the  serpentine  rocks,  in  close  association  with  the  chromite. 
While  it  has  a  widespread  occurrence  in  the  State,  it  has  not  been 
detected  as  a  constituent  of  any  of  the  rocks,  and  unlike  gold,  it  has 
never  been  found  in  place. 

Analj^ses  o'f  California  platinum  have  been  made  by  Deville  and 
Debray^i)  and  by  Genth(i>. 

pt 
Deville  and  Debray_85.50 
Genth 90.24 

Most  of  the  platinum  is  alloyed  with  iridium,  osmium,  palladium  and 
other  metals  of  the  platinum  group,  and  much  of  it  would  be  classed 
as  platiniridium.  Many  of  the  black  sands  have  been  investigated  by 
Day  and  Richards^^^ 

Butte  County :  It  is  a  constituent  of  the  black  sands  of  Feather  River 
and  some  of  its  tributaries,  and  the  largest  production  is  from  the 
dredging  operations  at  Oroville.  It  is  present  in  the  concentrates  of 
Butte  Creek,  Brush  Creek,  Magalia,  Cherokee,  and  Buchanan  Hill. 

Calaveras  County :  Observed  in  the  concentrates  at  Douglas  Flat  and 
Mokelumne  Hill. 

Del  Norte  County:  In  the  black  sands  at  Crescent  City,  and  along 
the  Smith  River. 

Humboldt  County:  Early  mentioned  as  one  of  the  constituents  of 
the  gold-bearing  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff.  Found  in  the  concentrates 
at  Orleans,  Trinidad,  Wilson  Creek  and  China  Flat. 

Inyo  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  the  concentrates  of  the 
Mt.  Hope  mine,  near  Citrus. 

Kern  County :  Traces  of  the  metal  have  been  observed  in  the  sands 
at  Kane  Springs. 

Mendocino  County :  In  the  beach  sands  near  Little  River. 

Nevada  County :  In  the  concentrates  of  the  Rough  and  Ready  district 
and  in  considerable  amounts  at  Relief  Hill. 

Placer  County:  In  the  black  sands  on  the  North  Fork  of  American 
Hiver,  at  Butcher,  East  Auburn,  Blue  Canyon,  and  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County :  In  the  concentrates  at  Genessee,  La  Porte  and  Rock 
Island  Hill. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Observed  in  some  of  the  beach  sands. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  In  the  beach  sands  at  Lompoc. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  In  some  of  the  beach  sands  of  the  county. 

Shasta  County :  Found  in  the  sands  at  Redding  and  on  Cottonwood 
Creek. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  21 

Siskiyou  County :  Observed  in  the  sands  at  Callahan,  Castella,  Hen- 
ley, Happy  Camp,  Sawyers  Bar,  Oak  Bar,  Fort  Jones,  Hornbrook, 
Cecilville,  Klamath  River,  and  Rock  Ranch. 

Tehama  County:  In  the  sands  near  Beegum. 

Trinity  County :  Early  observed  as  a  constituent  of  the  black  sands 
of  the  Trinity  River  and  its  tributaries,  and  nuggets  weighing  several 
ounces  have  come  from  the  county.  Its  presence  has  been  shown  in  the 
sands  at  Douglas  City,  Burnt  Ranch,  Junction  City,  Big  Bar,  Hawkins 
Bar,  and  in  the  Hayfork  district. 

Ventura  County :  It  has  been  observed  in  minute  quantities  in  some 
of  the  beach  sands. 

Yuba  County:  Found  in  the  concentrates  at  Indian  Hill,  Campton- 
ville,  and  in  the  Brownsville  district. 


16.    IRIDIUM. 
Native  iridium,  Ir. 

Isometric.     Generally    in    grains.     Color    silver-white.     Metallic     luster. 
H  =  6  — 7;  G  =  22.6  — 22.8. 

Steel-gray  grains  of  iridium  have  been  detected  with  the  platinum 
in  some  of  the  sands,  but  most  of  this  metal  is  in  alloy  with  platinum. 


17.     PLATINIRIDUM. 
Native  alloy  of  platinum  and  iridium,  Ptir. 

Isometric.     Generally    in    grains    and    nuggets.     Color    light    steel-gray. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  6  — 7;   G  =  22.65  —  22.84. 

Much  of  the  so-called  platinum  of  the  State  is  really  this  alloy,  and 
several  nuggets  of  a  few  ounces  weight  have  been  found  along  the 
Trinity  River. 


18.     PALLADIUM. 

Native  palladium.  Pd. 

Isometric.     Minute  octahedrons.     Generally  in  grains.     Color  light  steel- 
gray.     Malleable.     H  =  4.5  — 5;   G  =  11.3  — 11.8. 

An  associate  of  the  platinum  but  in  small  amount.     It  is  usually 
alloyed  with  platinum  or  iridium. 


22  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

19.     IRIDOSMINE. 

Native  alloy  of  iridium  and  osmium,   IrOs. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.     Generally  in  grains.     Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  light  steel-gray.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  6  — 7;   G  =  19.3 —  21.12. 

This  alloy  is  a  frequent  associate  of  the  platinum  and  an  analysis  of 
it  by  Deville  and  Debray^^^  shows  the  presence  of  the  rarer  metals, 
rubidium  and  ruthenium. 

Ir  Rd  Ru  Os 

53.50  2.60  0.50  43.40 

Siserkite  is  a  variety  with  not  over  30  per  cent  iridium.     According 

to  Genth^^^  the  composition  of  some  of  the  gray  metallic  grains  is : 

Siserkite    49.4  per  cent 

Platinum 48.4 

Platiniridium 2.2 

Palladium   and    rhodium    some 


20.     OSMIUM,    RHODIUM    and    RUTHENIUM. 

Rarer  metals  of  the  platinum  group  and  generally  found  in  alloy  with 
the  platinum  or  iridium.  . 


21.     IRON. 

Native  iron,  Fe. 

Isometric.     Generally     massive.     Malleable.     Color    steel-gray     to     iron- 
black.     Metallic  luster.     H=4  —  5;G  =  7.3  —  7.8.     Strongly  magnetic. 

Iron  occurs  native  either  as  telluric  iron  or  as  meteoric  iron.  Tel- 
luric iron  is  sometimes  found  in  basaltic  rocks,  but  its  occurrence  in  this 
form  is  not  known  in  the  State.  Meteoric  iron  has  been  found  in  at 
least  four  localities  and  analysed.  Nickel  is  always  present  and  some- 
times cobalt,  phosphorous,  graphite  or  diamond. 

El  Dorado  County:  A  meteorite  weighing  85  pounds  w^as  found  at 

Shingle  Springs  in  1871  and  was  analysed  by  Shepard'^i>. 

Analysis : 

Fe  Ni  Insol 

88.02  8.88  3.50=100.40  per  cent 

Kern  County:  A  meteorite  found  in  the  San  Emidio  Mountains  in 
1888  weighed  about  80  pounds.  It  was  unfortunately  crushed  before 
its  identity  was  recognized  and  only  fragments  were  saved.  Merrill^^^ 
described  the  material  and  it  was  analysed  by  Whitfield ^2)  n  ^^s 
erroneously  called  the  San  Bernardino  meteorite. 
Analysis : 

Fe  Ni  Co. 

88.25  11.27  0.48  =  100  per  cent 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  23 

San  Bernardino  County :  An  irregular-shaped  mass  of  meteoric  iron 

was  found  in  the  Ivanpah  district  in  1880  which  weighed  about  117 

pounds.     Analysed  by  Shepard^^^  and  by  G.  Gehring. 

Analyses : 

SpG  Fe  Ni  Co  P          C  S  SiOa  Graphite 

Shepard    7.65  94.9S  4.52  __  0.07  0.10  __  __        __      =99.67 

Gehring    8.076  94.86  4.47  0.26  tr.  0.12  tr.  0.04     0.07     =99.82 

Trinity  County :  A  small  oval-shaped  mass  weighing  19  pounds  was 
found  at  Canyon  City  about  1875.  The  surface  was  oxidized  to  limonite. 
Analysis  of  the  purer  portion  was  made  by  Shepard<^'*\ 


Analysis : 

Fe 

Ni 

Co 

P 

88.81 

7.28 

0.17 

0.12 

=  96.38  per  cent 

22.     AWARUITE. 

Native  alloy  of  nickel  and  iron,  NisFe. 

Isometric.     Grains    and    nuggets.     Tin-white    to    steel-gray    color.     Mag- 
netic.    H  =  5;G  =  8.1. 

Del  Norte   County:  Small   grains  of  this   alloy   averaging  0.15   to 

1.5  mm.  in  diameter  were  found  in  the  residues  from  the  gold  washings 

of  Smith  River,  associated  with  magnetite  and  chromite.     Analysed  by 

Jamieson(i>. 

Ni  •         Fe  Co  Cu  P  S 

76.69  21.37  1.20  0.04  0.04  0.06  G  =  7.85 


24 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  II. 


SULPHIDES. 


Semi-inetals. 

Realgar 

Stibnite 

Bismutliiuite 
lletals. 

Molybdenite 

Argentite 

Galenite 

Chaicocite 


Stromeyerite 

Sphalerite 

Metaciniiabarite 

Cinnabar 

Greenockite 

Covellite 

Millerite 

Pyrrhotite 


Bornite 
Cubanite 
Chalcopyrite 
Marcasite 
Pyrite 
OdisulphUies. 
Kermesite 
Yoltzite 


23.     REALGAR — Red   Arsenic. 

Sulphide  of  arsenic,  AsS. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  common ;  also  granular  massive  and  incrusta- 
tions. Color  bright  red  to  orange-yellow.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Resin- 
ous luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;  G~3.55. 

Realgar  is  occasionally  foiind  with  arsenical  ores  of  silver,  lead  and 
copper,  but  it  has  been  rarely  seen  in  the  State.  The  more  stable 
sulphide,  orpiment,  has  never  been  reported. 

Alpine  County :  Specimens  of  deep  red  realgar  coating  pyrite,  oc- 
curred in  the  Monitor  mine,  associated  with  minute  white  octahedrons 
of  arsenolite. 

San  Bernardino  Count}":  Reported  as  occurring  about  forty  miles 
from  Needles,  the  locality  being  unkno\\Ti. 

Trinity  County :  A  specimen  was  found  in  calcite  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  county. 


24.     STIBNITE— Antimonite. 
Sulphide  of  antimony,   SbjSa. 
Orthorhombic.     Long  prismatic  crystals,  often  bent  and  curved  and  with 
faces    striated    and    furrowed.     Cleavage    perfect    brachypinacoidal.     Color 
lead-gray.     Streak  dark  gray.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  2;  G  =  4.-52  —  4.62. 

Stibnite  is  the  common  ore  of  antimony,  and  good  deposits  of  the 
mineral  exist  in  the  State.  It  occurs  generally  as  veins  in  granitic  and 
metamorphic  gneisses  and  sehi.sts.  In  gold  and  copper  districts  it  is  a 
common  associate  of  the  prevalent  sulphides  galena,  sphalerite,  chal- 
copyrite, pyrite  and  tetrahedrite,  consequently  may  usually  be  found  in 
those  districts  in  small  amounts.  It  is  characteristically  associated  with 
cinnabar. 


MINERAI.S    OF    CALIFORNIA.  25 

Calaveras  County :  Observed  with  gold  at  Mokeluinne  Hill  and  in  the 
Mother  Lode  region. 

Inyo  County:  In  the  Cerro  Gordo  district  considerable  stibnite  was 
found  with  the  silver-lead  ores,  and  some  limonite  specimens  recently 
obtained  from  there  are  evident  pseudomorphs  after  long  prismatic 
stibnite  crystals.  Large  bodies  of  the  mineral  are  said  to  occur  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Panamint  Mountains,  near  Wild  Rose  Springs, 
associated  with  the  oxide  of  antimony. 

Kern  County :  The  deposits  in  the  San  Emidio  Mountains  at  the 
head  of  the  San  Emidio  Canyon  have  long  been  known  and  were  the 
first  worked  in  the  State.  Veins  of  the  mineral  also  are  plentiful  in 
the  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  On  Erskine 
Creek  considerable  native  antimony  has  been  found  in  association  with 
the  stibnite.     Stibnite  also  occurs  in  the  Caliente  district. 

Lake  County :  Some  stibnite  has  been  found  with  the  cinnabar  at 
Sulphur  Bank,  on  Clear  Lake. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Specimens  have  been  found  in  the  mountains 
south  of  Lancaster. 

Mariposa  County :  Stibnite  forms  one  of  the  sulphide  minerals  in  the 
gold  districts  of  the  county. 

Merced  County :  Fine  specimens  of  prismatic  stibnite  have  come  from 
the  McLeoud  mining  district. 

Mono  County :  Very  common  in  the  Blind  Springs  district,  associated 
with  the  silver-lead  ores  and  good .  specimens  have  come  from  the 
Comanche,  Comet  and  Diana  mines. 

Napa  County :  Fibrous  bands  of  stibnite  occurred  with  the  cinnabar 
at  the  Manhattan  and  the  Boston  or  old  Redington  mines,  at  Knoxville. 

Riverside  County :  Bunches  of  stibnite  were  found  at  the  Crowell 
mine,  five  miles  southeast  of  South  Riverside. 

San  Benito  County :  There  are  numerous  veins  of  stibnite  in  the 
county,  especially  in  the  northeastern  part,  in  close  association  with  the 
cinnabar  deposits.  Fine  crystallized  specimens  have  come  from  the 
Ambrose,  Alta  and  Shriver  claims  in  the  Antimony  Mountains,  north- 
east of  Hollister,  and  some  of  the  crystals  have  the  forms :  (010),  (130), 
(110),  (310),  (210),  (430),  (113),  (4.5.12),  (102),  Eakle(7). 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  a  boulder  at  the  Centennial  mine. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Large  divergent  columnar  masses  have  come 
from  near  Gilroy.  Stibnite  is  also  an  associate  of  the  cinnabar  at  the 
New  Almaden  cinnabar  mines. 

Sierra  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  sulphides  with  the  gold  ores  at 
Downieville. 

Tulare  County :  Found  in  the  Mineral  King  district  as  an  associate  of 
argentiferous  galena. 


26  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

25.     BISMUTHINITE. 

Sulphide   of  bismuth.    BioSj. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually      fibrous      massive.     Color      lead-gray.     Metallic 
luster.     H  =  2;   G  =  6.4  — 6.5. 

The  presence  of  bismuth  has  frequently  been  detected  in  the  con- 
centrates from  several  of  the  gold  and  copper  districts  but  the  form 
in  which  it  occurs  has  not  in  general  been  determined.  Bismuthinite  as 
a  distinct  mineral  has  only  been  noticed  in  a.  few  localities. 

Fresno  County:  Some  small  pieces  were  found  in  Lot  1  mine  and  in 
the  second  Sierra  mine,  Kings  River  district. 

Inyo  County:  Said  to  occur  in  some  of  the  mines  in  the  Kearsarge 
Mountains,  near  Independence. 

Madera  County:  A  constituent  of  the  ores  at  Minarett  Mountains, 
Turner<^'*\ 

Mono  County :  Found  at  Oasis  with  bismutite. 

Riverside  County:  Found  at  the  Lost  Horse  mine. 


26.     MOLYBDENITE. 

Sulphide  of  molybdenum,  MoSo. 

Hexagonal.  Usually  in  scales  and  foliated  masses.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal.  Color  light  bluish  lead-gray.  Streak  lead-gray,  sometimes  with 
greenish  cast.     H  =  l.  — 1.5;  G  =  4.7. 

Molybdenite  is  the  source  of  the  molybdenum  used  in  steel  manu- 
facture, for  which  there  is  some  demand.  The  mineral  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  State,  occurring  in  small  flakes  and  leaves  in  quartz 
and  crystalline  rocks.  There  are  few  places  where  it  is  segregated 
sufficiently  to  pay  for  its  extraction.  It  strongly  resembles  graphite 
but  can  generally  be  distinguished  from  that  mineral  by  its  lighter 
bluish  lead-gray  color  and  its  occurrence  in  quartz  rather  than  in  white 
limestone.  In  all  counties  having  granitoid  rocks  some  molybdenite  can 
be  found. 

El  Dorado  County :  broad  foliated  plates  occur  at  the  old  Cosumnes 
copper  mine,  near  Fairplay,  in  a  pegmatite  vein  with  bornite,  chal- 
copyrite,  epidote,  garnet,  axinite,  hornblende  and  orthoclase.  Also  in 
plates  at  Grizzly  Flats. 

Fresno  County:  In  quartz  at  the  Kings  River  Canyon  copper  mine. 

Inyo  County:  In  quartz  on  White  Mountains.  A  thick  ledge  con- 
taining much  molybdenite  was  reported  on  the  west  side  of  Death 
Valley. 

Madera  Countv :  Plates  were  found  in  the  Speckerman  mine  at 
Fresno  Flat. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  27 

Mariposa  County :  Specks  of  the  mineral  occur  in  a  lens  of  garnet, 
epidote  and  quartz,  on  the  southeast  S'lope  of  Mount  Hoffman,  Turner^^^ 
and  at  Knights  Creek  near  Big  Trees,  Turner^^). 

Mono  County:  Found  with  molyhdite  at  Cameron  near  Bridgeport; 
in  quartz  at  the  Minnie  mine,  Sweetwater  Range;  at  Silverado  Creek 
with  molybdite,  Whiting^i). 

Napa  County :  In  quartz  on  Mt.  St.  Helena. 

Nevada  County:  Abundant  at  Nevada  City  mixed  with  limonite, 
Genth(2) ;  good  plates  in  the  Mayflower  mine,  Nevada  City ;  in  the 
Excelsior  mine,  Meadow  Lake  district ;  in  the  rocks  of  Signal  Peak ;  in 
a  garnet-epidote  rock  near  Lake  Tahoe;  broad  plates  in  white  quartz 
near  Truckee. 

Placer  County :  In  a  granodiorite  with  copper  minerals  at  the  Elder 
mine,  about  four  miles  west  of  Clipper  Gap.  Occurred  in  some  of  the 
mines  of  the  Ophir  district,  Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Broad  plates  occur  in  the  Meadow  Valley  mining 
district. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  granite  at  Carapo,  with  malachite  and 
chalcopyrite  at  Potrero  and  in  the  Grapevine  mining  district. 

Shasta  County:  In  granite  on  Hazel  Creek  and  also  on  Tom  Neal 
Mountain,  near  Delta. 

Tulare  County :  In  plates  at  Three  Rivers  and  in  the  Mineral  King 
district. 

Tuolumne  County :  In  a  quartz  vein  in  granite  on  the  south  side  of 
Knights  Creek,  northeast  of  Columbia;  in  a  quartz  vein  with  garnet, 
epidote,  and  sphalerite,  about  three  miles  west  of  Tower  Peak,  Turner^^\ 

Riverside  County:  Small  flakes  of  molybdenite  occur  in  thin  peg- 
matite veins  intersecting  granite  at  a  quarry  about  4i  miles  northeast 
of  Corona. 


27.     ARGENTITE— Silver  Glance. 

Sulphide  of  silver,  AgaS. 

Isometric.  Octahedral  crystals,  often  distorted.  Commonly  in  arbor- 
escent and  reticulated  shapes.  Color  dark  lead-gray  to  black.  Streak 
black.     Metallic   luster.     Highly  sectile.     H  =  2  — 2.5;   G  =  7.3. 

Argentite  is  the  primary  silver  mineral  in  many  of  the  silver  districts 
and  is  usually  associated  with  other  silver  minerals  such  as  cerargyrite, 
stephanite,  polybasite  and  pyrargyrite,  and  with  argentiferous  galena. 
Silver  is  found  with  the  gold  and  copper  of  the  State,  but  there  are  few 
distinct  silver  districts. 

Alpine  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  of  the  Silver  Mountain  dis- 
trict, and  small  octahedral  crystals  have  come  from  the  Advance  mine. 


28  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  This  is  one  of  the  few  silver  counties  of  the  State  and 
argentite  has  been  quite  common  in  some  of  the  mines,  especially  at 
Cerro  Gordo.  Massive  and  crystal  specimens  have  been  prominent  in 
the  Oriental  mine,  Deep  Spring  Valley. 

Kern  County :  Argentite  crystals  associated  with  native  silver  have 
been  found  in  the  Silver  King  mine,  near  Garlock.  It  occurs  with 
tetrahedrite  and  pyrargyrite  at  the  Amalie  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Was  one  of  the  silver  minerals  of  the  Kelsey 
mine,  San  Gabriel  Canyon,  associated  with  native  silver,  erythrite, 
smaltite,  and  annabergite.  Also  found  at  Silverado  with  argentiferous 
galena. 

Mono  County:  Found  sparingly  in  the  Bodie  and  Benton  districts 
with  gold,  tetrahedrite,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite  and  galena.  In  the 
Sweetwater  Range,  north  of  Bridgeport,  the  mines  contained  argentite 
with  gold,  cerargyrite,  tetrahedrite,  native  silver. 

Nevada  County :  Mentioned  by  Lindgren^^^  as  occurring  in  the  Alli- 
son Ranch  mine,  near  Nevada  City. 

San  Bernardino  County:  The  silver  districts  of  this  county  have 
produced  some  argentite,  but  in  general  the  sulphide  has  not  been 
prominent.  The  mines  of  the  New  York  Mountains  near  Manvel  show 
some,  and  also  the  old  Imperial  and  Tiptop  mines.  Lava  beds  districts 
have  produced  crystals.  It  occurred  to  some  extent  with  the  hornsilver 
in  the  Calico  and  Barstow  mining  districts. 


28.     GALEN  ITE— Galena. 

Sulphide  of  lead,  PbS. 

Isometric.  Cubes  and  cubooctahedrons  common.  Also  massive,  coarse 
and  fine  granular  and  sometimes  lamellar  and  foliated.  Cleavage  perfect 
cubic.  Color  lead-gray.  Streak  dark  gray.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  2..5; 
G  =  7.4.3. 

Galenite  is  a  very  common  mineral  and  is  usually  prominent  in  all  of 
the  gold,  silver  and  copper  districts.  It  is  found  in  large  and  small 
cubes  and  in  granular  and  foliated  masses.  Much  of  it  is  argentiferous 
and  forms  the  silver  ore  of  the  State.  The  characteristic  associates 
are  sphalerite,  pyrite,  tetrahedrite,  chalcopyrite,  barite,  fluorite  and 
calcite.  Its  two  common  alteration  products,  cerussite  and  anglesite, 
very  often  accompany  it. 

Alpine  County :  It  occurs  argentiferous  in  the  Silver  ]\Iountain  dis- 
trict. 

Amador  County :  Very  often  found  in  the  mines  near  Plymouth  and 
along  the  Mother  Lode. 

Calaveras  County:  On  Carson  Hill,  at  Angels  and  in  many  of  the 
mines  of  the  Mother  Lode. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  29 

El  Dorado  County:  A  sulphide  constituent  of  many  of  the  mines  of 
the  county.     Common  in  cubes  at  Grizzly  Flats. 

Inyo  County :  Argentiferous  galena  has  been  the  important  silver  ore 
of  the  county.  At  the  old  Modoc,  San  Felipe,  Defiance,  and  other  mines 
of  the  Cerro  Gordo  district  it  formed  the  chief  silver  ore.  Common 
also  in  the  Panamint  Range  and  fine  crystals  have  come  from  the  Blue 
Wing  mine. 

Kern  County :  Occurs  in  the  mines  near  Garlock  and  in  the  Amalie 
district. 

Los  Angeles  County :  The  Kelsey  mine  in  the  San  Gabriel  Canyon 
contained  some  galena.  A  small  deposit  occurred  on  Santa  Catalina 
Island  which  carried  a  little  silver  and  some  sphalerite  and  chaleopy- 
rite. 

^Madera  County :  Large  cubes  have  come  from  the  Star  mine,  Mount 
Raymond  district. 

Mariposa  County :  Mines  near  Bagby  and  Coulterville  show  galena 
and  it  is  a  frequent  sulphide  constituent  of  the  gold-bearing  veins. 

Mono  County :  This  is  one  of  the  silver-lead  counties  and  argen- 
tiferous galena  forms  important  bodies  of  ore.  It  is  very  common  in  the 
Bodie.  Benton  and  Lundy  districts  and  at  the  claims  on  the  Sweetwater 
Range. 

Nevada  County :  Found '  in  the  Jleadow  Lake  and  other  mining 
districts  of  the  county.  Mentioned  by  Lindgren^^^  as  one  of  the 
minerals  of  the  mines  at  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City. 

Orange  County:  Argentiferous  galena  occurs  near  Elsinore  and  in 
the  Silverado  district. 

Plumas  County :  Occurs  in  the  ]\Ieadow  Valley  and  Light  s  Canyon 

districts. 

Sacramento  County:  At  Michigan  Bar  with  sphalerite  and  pyrite, 
Hanks^e) 

San  Bernardino  County :  Argentiferous  galena  with  lead  carbonate 
was  common  in  several  of  the  silver  districts  of  the  county.  Common  in 
the  Silver  Mountain,  Silver  Reef,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Calico 
and  Barstow  districts. 

Shasta  County:  It  is  present  although  not  in  abundance  at  most  of 
the  copper  mines. 

Siskiyou  County :  Occurs  in  deposits  near  Callahan,  carrying  some 
silver. 

Tehama  County:  On  Cow  Creek,  Hanks<^). 

Tulare   County :  Prominent   in   the  Mineral   King  district. 

Tuolunme  County :  At  the  Soulsby  mine,  and  to  some  extent  with 
pyrite  and  sphalerite  in  the  mines  on  Quartz  Mountain  and  Whiskey 
Hill. 


30  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

29.     CHALCOCITE— Copper  Glance— Redruthite. 

Sulphide  of  copper,  Cu^S. 

Orthoi'hombic.  Crystals  with  deeply  striated  faces.  Generally  com- 
pact massive.  Color  dark  lead-gray  to  black.  Streak  black.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  2.5  — .3;    G  =  5.70. 

Massive  specimens  of  the  dark  gray  chalcocite  are  common  in  many 
of  the  copper  claims  of  the  State,  but  large  bodies  of  this  valuable 
copper  mineral  are  rare.  The  mineral  is  formed  in  the  lower  levels 
through  the  secondary  enrichment  of  the  copper-iron  sulphides  by 
solutions  charged  with  copper  obtained  from  the  upper  zones  of  oxida- 
tion. Bornite  and  chalcopyrite  are  often  intermixed  with  the  chalco- 
cite, and  malachite  commonly  coats  the  surfaces  of  specimens. 

Alpine  County:  Probably  the  first  copper  claim  in  the  State  was 
the  Uncle  Billy  Roger's  claim  in  Hope  Valley,  in  the  northwestern 
corner  of  the  county.  The  claim  was  described  as  a  chimney-shaped 
deposit  in  a  garnet  rock  which  carried  some  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  and 
chalcocite. 

Calaveras  County :  Small  amounts  of  massive  chalcocite  have  been 
found  in  the  copper  deposits  at  Campo  Seco  and  Copperopolis. 

Occurred  also  on  Quail  Hill,  Silliman^^^ 

Del  Norte  County:  Massive  chalcocite  occurred  in  the  Copper  Creek, 
Diamond  Creek  and  Crescent  City  mines. 

El  Dorado  County:  In  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fair- 
play  it  was  associated  with  bornite  and  chalcopyrite. 

Humboldt  County:  Said  to  occur  in  the  Horse  Mountain  district. 

Inyo  County :  There  are  numerous  copper  claims  in  this  county  and 
good  specimens  of  the  massive  chalcocite  have  come  from  the  Ubehebe 
Mountains. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Occurred  in  the  mines  at  La  Soledad  Pass. 

Madera  County :  Found  in  the  old  Buchanan  mine. 

Mariposa  County :  Occurred  in  small  amounts  in  some  of  the  claims 
near  Coulterville. 

Placer  County :  Said  to  have  occurred  in  the  Baker  mine  near 
Lincoln. 

Plumas  County :  Rich  copper  ore  consisting  of  chalcocite  and  bornite 
is  found  in  the  Gennessee  Valley  and  Light's  Canyon  districts. 

San  Benito  County:  Small  grains  of  chalcocite  occur  in  the  natro- 
lite  with  the  benitoite  of  this  county,  Louderback^^) 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  of  the  copper  claims  in  the  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  contain  rich  masses  of  copper  glance. 

Good  specimens  have  come  from  the  Silver  Prize,  Copper  World, 
Francis,  Arabella,  Florence  and  Hettie  mines. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  at  Potrero. 


MINERAT-S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  31 

Shasta   County :  Some   chalcocite  has   been   found  in   most   of   the 
copper  mines  of  the  county,  but  the  mineral  is  not  prominent  in  any  of 
them.     Specimens  have  come  from  the  Mountain  Copper,  Balaklala, 
Afterthought,  Bully  Hill  and  Copper  City  mines. 
'     Tuolumne  County:  Occurred  in  the  Whiskey  Hill  mines,  Silliman^^) 


30.     STROMEYERITE. 

Sulphide  of  silver  and  copper,   (Ag,  €11)28. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally     compact    massive.     Color     and     streak     dark 
steel-gray.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3;    0  =  6.15  —  6.3. 

This  mineral  has  only  been  found  in  silver  districts  where  copper  is 
also  present.  It  is  formed  in  the  same  way  as  chalcocite  and  may  grade 
into  it. 

Alpine  County :  Believed  to  be  a  part  of  the  ore  in  the  Monitor  and 
Mogul  districts,  associated  with  galena,  sphalerite,  pyrite  and  enargite. 

Inyo  County :  The  Silver  Queen  and  other  mines  of  the  Panamint 
Mountains  contained  the  mineral  with  tetrahedrite  and  cerargyrite. 
Found  also  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  Wild  Eose  districts. 

Riverside  County :  Prol)a]ily  present  in  the  Homestake  copper  mine 
in  the  Palen  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  It  occurred  as  one  of  the  numerous  minerals 
of  the  Calico  district  and  an  analysis  of  it  from  the  Silver  King  mine 
was  made  by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

Ag  Cu        Fe  S         Res  =  BaS04  +  SiOo 

53.96     28.58     0.26     15.51     1.55  =  99.86    per    cent.     Sp.    G  =  6.28 


31.     SPHALERITE— Zincblende— Black    Jack. 
Sulphide  of  zinc.  ZnS. 

Isometric,  tetrahedral.  Imperfect  crystals,  granular  and  massive.  Cleav- 
age perfect  dodecahedral.  Color  yellow,  brown  and  black.  Streak  colorless 
to  yellowish  brown.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  4.0. 

Sphalerite  is  a  very  common  sulphide  and  is  very  prevalent  in  most 
of  the  mining  regions.  It  occurs  from  clear  light  brown  to  very  dark 
brown,  almost  black  masses.  Its  typical  associate  is  galena,  but  it  is 
also  often  intimately  mixed  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  tetrahedrite, 
arsenopyrite  and  lead-silver  minerals.  In  the  smelting  of  zinc-bearing 
ores  fe^v  of  the  smelters  have  endeavored  to  save  the  zinc. 

Alpine  County :  Occurred  as  one  of  the  minerals  in  the  Rogers  claim, 
Hope  Valley. 

Calaveras  County:  Connnon  in  the  ]ivi*ite  ore  at  Campo  Seco  and 
Copperopolis. 

El  Dorado  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  in  tlie  mines  at  Grizzly 
Flats,  Pilot  Hill  and  other  mines  of  the  count  v. 


32  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  Common  as  an  associate  with  galena  in  the  Darwin, 
Cerro  Gordo  and  Inyo  Mountain  mines. 

Los  Angeles  County :  With  galena  and  chalcopyrite  on  Santa  Cata- 
lina  Island. 

Mariposa  County :  Occurs  in  the  mines  along  the  Mother  Lode.  A 
light  brown  tril)o-luminescent  variety  mixed  with  white  barite  and  gray 
tetrahedrite,  the  ore  resembling  a  dark  gray  schist,  was  found  at  the 
Fitch  mine  and  was  described  by  Eakle'^^  and  Eakle  and  Sharwood^^^ 
The  sphalerite  emits  a  peculiar  train  of  light  when  scratched  or  rubbed. 

Mono  County :  Occurs  in  the  Homer,  Lundy  and  Benton  districts. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  in  many  of  the  gold  mines  of  this  county. 
Prominent  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district  and  in  the  mines  of  Grass  Valley 
and  Nevada  City. 

Placer  County:  One  of  the  associate  minerals  in  the  gold  deposit  at 
Ophir. 

Plumas  County :  The  mines  of  the  Meadow  Valley,  Indian  Valley  and 
Light's  Canyon  contain  some  sphalerite  wdth  the  other  sulphides. 

Sacramento  County:  At  Michigan  Bar  with  galena. 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  this  county  zincblende  is  found  to  some 
extent  with  the  silver-lead  sulphides.  Specimens  have  come  from  the 
Silver  Reef,  Calico,  Grapevine  and  Lava  Beds  districts. 

Shasta  County :  Masses  of  sphalerite  occur  in  the  Afterthought  and 
Peck  mines  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Bully  Hill,  Copper  City,  Iron 
Mountain  and  other  districts  of  the  county. 

Siskiyou  County :  Common  with  galena  and  chalcopyrite  at  Calla- 
han. 

Tulare  County :  Common  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County :  Massive  at  the  Soulsby  mine  and  sparingly  in  the 
mines  along  the  Mother  Lode. 


32.      METACINNABARITE. 

Sulphide   of   mercury,   IlgS. 
Isometric,  tetrahodral.     Usually  massive  and  amorphous.     Color  grayish 
black.     Streak  black.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  3;   G  =  7.S1. 

The  black  sulphide  of  mercury  was  discovered  in  1872  at  the  old 
Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  and  since  its  discovery  has  been  found  in 
many  of  the  cinnabar  deposits  of  the  State. 

Colusa  County :  Found  in  the  Sulphur  Creek  district  at  the  Manza- 
nita  mine  with  cinnabar  and  gold. 

Inyo  County:  Occurred  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine  and  was  analysed 
by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

HgS  FeS  +  SiOa 

1)5.62  4.3S 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  33 

Lake  County :  Prominent  in  the  Great  Western,  Baker  and  Abbott 
mines. 

Monterey  County:  With  the  cinnabar  in  the  Parkfield  district. 

Napa  County :  Discovered  in  the  Redington,  later  Boston  mine,  which 
is  now  abandoned.  It  occurred  in  black  amorphous-like  masses  and 
was  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Moore^^^  Good  crystals  were  later 
found  in  the  same  mine  which  showed  the  mineral  to  be  isometric  in- 
stead of  amorphous,  PenfiekVi>.  Forms:  (111),  (211),  (322),  (975). 
Analyses  of  the  mineral  from  this  mine  were  made  by  Moore^^^  and  also 
by  Melville  and  Lindgren*^'. 


S 

Hg 

Fe 

SiOi 

]Moore 

___  13.82 

85.79 

0.39 

0.2.-} 

=  100.2.5  per  cent 

HgS 

FeS 

SiOi 

M.  and  L.  __ 

_  99.48 

0.G9 

0.71 

=   99.88  per  cent 

98.48 

0.94 

0.71 

=  100.13 

The  old  Reed  mine  contained  considerable  metaeinnabarite.  In  the 
Oat  Hill  mine  specimens  were  found  coated  with  white  calomel. 

Orange   County :  Found  on  the   San  Joaquin  Ranch   disseminated 
through  a  ferruginous  barite;  analysed  by  Genth^^^ 
Hg  s  ci 

85.89         13.69         0.32  =99.90  per  cent 

San  Benito  County :  Large  pieces  have  been  found  at  the  New  Idria 
mine.     Found  also  at  the  Picachos  mine  in  black  masses,  Rogers^^\ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  In  the  Adalaide  and  Oceanic  districts  it 
has  been  occasionally  found. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Considerable  amounts  have  been  found  in  the 
Xew  Almaden  and  Guadalupe  mines.  ]\Ielville  and  Lindgren^^^  anal- 
ysed the  mineral  from  the  New  Almaden  mine  and  described  the 
crystals  as  hexagonal,  with  some  complex  and  doubtful  forms:  (0001), 
(05o4),  (ITOI),  (1322),  (SO.oO.O.l),  (48.46.2.T),  (41.38.3.1). 

Analjsis  : 

•  Vol.  org. 

S  Hg  Fe      Co       Zn       Mn    CaCOs  SiO-      matter 

13.68     78.01  0.61     tr.     0.90     0.15     0.71     4.27         0.03     =99.26    per    cent 

Yolo  County :  Found  in  the  California  mine. 


33.     CINNABAR. 
Sulphide  of  mei'curj-,  HgS. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Small  crystals  commou.  Also  granular  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.  Color  cochineal-red.  Streak  scarlet- 
red.     Adamantine  luster.     11  =  2  —  2.5;   G  =  8.0. 

Cinnabar  was  known  in  the  State  long  prior  to  the  discovery  of  gold, 
and  the  old  mine  at  New  Almaden  had  been  in  active  operation  for  some 
time  when  Lyman^^)  described  a  visit  to  it  in  1848.     The  most  important 
3—8560 


34:  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

deposits  lie  in  the  Coast  Ranges  extending  from  Del  Norte  County  to 
San  Diego  County,  those  in  the  Sierras  being  of  minor  vahie.  The  most 
important  counties  in  the  production  of  quicksilver  have  l)een  Lake, 
Napa,  Santa  Clara  and  San  Benito  counties  and  many  flasks  of  mercury 
have  come  from  once  famous  mines  which  are  now  idle  or  exhausted. 
The  deposits  in  general  occur  along  the  contact  between  serpentine  and 
metamorphic  sandstones  and  shales,  and  the  mineral  has  been  deposited 
from  solfataric  waters  carrying  the  sulphide  in  solution.  These  solu- 
tions have  impregnated  the  sandstones  and  brecciated  masses  of  opal 
and  chalcedony  which  have  formed  in  the  serpentine  through  much 
silicification,  leaving  seams  and  pockets  of  cinnabar.  The  impregna- 
tions have  followed  flows  and  intrusions  of  igneous  rock  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood.  Becker^  ^^  and  Aubury^^)  have  issued  general  reports 
on  the  quicksilver  deposits  of  California. 

Alameda  County :  Streaks  of  cinnabar  occur  in  "a  chalcedonic  mass  in 
the  Cragmont  district,  North  Berkeley. 

Colusa  County :  Deposits  occur  on  both  sides  of  Sulphur  Creek  in 
sandstones  and  shales,  associated  with  sulphur,  bitumen  and  gold.  The 
Manzanita,  Elgin,  Empire  and  Wide  Awake  mines  were  former  pro- 
ducers. 

Del  Norte  County :  Cinnabar  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  in  the  Diamond  Creek  district. 

El  Dorado  County :  The  Bernard  or  old  Amador  quicksilver  mine  has 
produced  some  of  the  mineral. 

Fresno  County:  Cinnabar  claims  exist  in  the  Little  Panoche  district 
on  the  Gabilan  Range  and  on  Cantua  Creek. 

Inyo  County:  Small  amounts  of  cinnabar  occurred  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mines. 

Kings  County:  Small  deposits  of  the  mineral  exist  on  Table  Moun- 
tain in  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 

Lake  County :  The  important  and  interesting  deposit  of  cinnabar  at 
Sulphur  Bank  on  the  shore  of  Clear  Lake  has  been  described  at  length 
by  Becker^^^  and  by  Le  Conte  and  Rising^^^  Cinnabar  is  at  present 
in  process  of  formation  in  the  porous  disintegrated  basalt  which  out- 
crops on  the  lake.  They  are  characteristically  long  hexagonal  prisms 
capped  by  the  low  rhombohedron  (2023).  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 
gave  the  forms  (3034)  and  (0334).  The  Great  Western  near  Middle- 
town,  and  other  mines  of  the  county  were  once  famous  producers,  but 
practically  all  of  the  mines  of  the  county  have  been  idle  for  some  years. 

Mariposa  County:  Crystals  of  cinnabar  are  said  to  have  occurred 
near  Coulterville  associated  with  gold. 

Merced  County :  Small  deposits  occur  on  the  dividing  line  of  San 
Benito  County. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  35 

Mono  County:  Small  anionnts  of  cinnabar  have  been  found  about 
five  miles  northeast  of  Bodie. 

Monterey  County:  Some  of  the  deposits  on  Table  IMountain  near 
Parktield  are  in  this  county. 

Napa  County :  This  county  has  lono:  been  an  impoi'tant  producer  of 
mercury,  the  mine  at  Oat  Hill  being  the  last  in  active  operation.  The 
cinnabar  is  found  impregnating  unaltered  sandstone.  The  abandoned 
old  Redington  or  Boston  mine  at  Knoxville  is  famous  for  the  rare  and 
new  minerals  found  with  the  cinnabar.  ]\ruch  of  the  cinnabar  of  this 
region  impregnates  shattered  chalcedony  masses  in  the  serpentine,  as  at 
the  i\Ianhattan  mine,  and  some  impregnates  the  serpentine.  Crystals 
from  the  Boston  mine,  according  to  Melville  and  Lindgren''^  have  the 
forms  (0415)  and  luTO). 

Deposits  of  the  Pope  Valley  and  at  Vallejo  have  also  been  important. 

Nevada  County :  Found  in  association  with  gold  at  Grass  Valley, 
W.  P.  Blake(9>,  Lindgren(6). 

Orange  County :  A  small  deposit  on  San  Joaquin  Ranch. 

San  Benito  County :  The  mines  in  the  New  Idria  district,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  county,  are  at  present  the  most  productive  in  the 
State.  The  cinnabar  solutions  have  impregnated  the  sandstones  and 
to  some  extent  the  serpentines  near  the  contact  of  the  two.  The  New 
Idria  mine  is  the  most  important  one  of  the  district.  Smaller  deposits 
of  the  mineral  also  occur  near  the  center  of  the  county  and  in  the 
extreme  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  Melville  and  Lindgfen^^^ 
describe  crj^stals  from  the  New  Idria  mine  with  the  forms:  (0001), 
(0223),  (01T2),  (OlTl),  (2023),  (10T2),  (lOTO),  (6.4.10.25),  (5.2.7.18), 
(105.60.165.407),  (63.27.90.230),  (40.15.5o.l43),  (26.12.38.95). 

San  Francisco  County:  Small  streaks  of  cinnabar  occur  on  Twin 
Peaks. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  The  productive  mines  occur  in  the  Santa 
Lucia  Range,  and  comprise  several  districts  of  Avhich  the  Oceanic  and 
Adelaide  are  the  most  important.  The  ore  impregnates  the  Fran- 
ciscan sandstones  and  shales  and  also  chalcedonic  masses  in  the  ser- 
pentine.    There  are  numerous  other  small  deposits  in  outlying  districts. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Some  cinnabar  occurs  in  the  Santa  Ynez 
Range  and  near  the  Cachuma  Creek,  but  no  deposits  are  now  worked. 

Santa  Clara  County:  The  New  Almaden  mine  is  the  oldest  quick- 
silver mine  in  the  State.  It  has  been  a  famous  producer  and  is  still 
being  worked.  The  cinnabar  of  the  district  occurs  impregnating  in 
streaks  the  opal-like  masses  of  silica  formed  by  the  alteration  of  the 
serpentine.  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^  described  crystals  from  the  mine 
with  forms:   (0001),  (01T2),  (0223),  (0221),  (lOTO),  (0.14.14.5). 

The  Guadalupe  and  other  mines  of  this  locality  have  also  been  im- 
portant producers  of  the  metal. 


36  STATE  :mixixg  bureau. 

Shasta  County :  Some  cinnabar  is  found  about  30  miles  northeast  of 
Redding. 

Siskiyou  County :  Deposits  occur  near  Oak  Bar,  which  have  been 
worked  slightly. 

Solano  County :  The  old  St.  John  mine,  in  a  basin  between  Mount 
Luft'man  and  Mount  St.  John,  was  a  good  producer  in  the  early  days 
of  cinnabar  mining. 

Sonoma  County :  Most  of  the  mines  which  were  once  productive  occur 
in  the  ]\Iayacmas  district,  along  the  ]\Iayacmas  range.  This  region  has 
been  the  scene  of  great  volcanic  activity  and  the  cinnabar  has  followed 
these  eruptions  and  impregnated  the  sandstones,  serpentines  and  meta- 
morphosed sedimentaries  which  lie  on  the  flanks  of  the  range. 

Stanislaus  County:  The  cinnabar  deposits  occur  on  Red  Mountain 
on  the  border  of  Santa  Clara  County. 

Trinity  County :  The  old  Altoona  and  other  claims  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  county,  near  Cinnabar  and  Carrville,  were  once  productive. 

Yolo  County :  The  deposits  of  this  county  are  in  the  continuation  of 
the  Knoxville  district. 


34.     GREENOCKITE. 

Sulphide  of  cadmium.    CdS. 

Hexagonal.     Generally  as  thin  coatings.     Color  lemon-yellow.     Resinous 
luster.     H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  4.9  — 5.0. 

A  very  rare  mineral  found  coating  sphalerite  occasionally. 

IMono  County :  Thin  coatings  of  yellow  greenockite  occur  on  magne- 
tite and  sphalerite  near  Topaz. 

Riverside  County:  Thin  coatings  of  yellow  cadmium  sulphide  were 
found  on  sphalerite  at  the  cement  quarry  at  Crestmore. 


35.     COVELLITE— Blue  Copper. 
Sulphide  of  copper,  CuS. 
Hexagonal.     Commonly     massive.     Cleavage     basal.     Color     indigo-blue. 
Streak   grayish   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  1.5  —  2;    G  =  4.59  —  4.63. 

Covellite  is  a  much  rarer  form  of  copper  sulphide  than  chalcocite  and 
it  has  only  been  found  as  an  occasional  specimen.  It  is  usually  associ- 
ated with  bornite,  chalcocite  or  chalcopyrite. 

Calaveras  County :  Specimens  have  been  found  at  the  Satellite  mine 
near  Campo  Seco. 

Inyo  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  the  Ubehebe  Mountains. 

Madera  Countv :  Found  at  the  old  Pocahontas  mine. 


MINERAL!^    OF    CALIFORNIA.  37 

Mariposa  County:  Small  amounts  have  been  found  in  the  Copper 
Queen  mine,  near  Mariposa. 

Shasta  County:  Some  covellite  occurs  in  the  Balaklala  mine,  and  at 
the  Bully  Hill  mine  as  an  alteration  of  chalcopyrite. 


36.     MILLERITE— Capillary  Pyrites. 

Sulphide  of  nickel,   NiS. 

Hexagonal,  rliombohedral.  Usually  in  long  slender  ngedles  and  hair- 
like tufts.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.  Color  brass-yellow.  Streak 
greenish  black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  3  — 3.5;   G  =  5.65. 

Nickel  minerals  are  quite  rare  in  the  State  and  their  occurrence  has 
been  limited  to  the  discovery  of  occasional  specimens.  Some  needles  of 
millerite  have  been  found  in  the  cinnabar  districts,  and  rarely  with 
gold. 

Calaveras  County:  Long  divergent  prisms  were  found  in  white  albite 
at  the  Stanislaus  mine  on  Carson  Hill,  which  Jackson* 3'  thought  to  be 
elongated  cubes  of  pyrite. 

Humboldt  County :  Specimens  of  serpentine  from  this  county  occa- 
sionally contain  needles  of  millerite. 

Napa  County :  Small  coatings  of  capillary  millerite  were  found  with 
cinnabar  at  the  Andalusia  mine  near  Knoxville;  also  at  the  Oat  Hill 
mine  and  in  Pope  Valley.  Specimens  of  serpentine  have  come  from 
Beryessa  Valley  containing  needles  of  millerite. 

Placer  County:  Found  with  arseiiopyrite  near  Cisco,  Hanks *^^\ 

Plumas  County :  ]\Iillerite  as  coatings  occurred  in  the  Pocahontas 
mine.  Mount  Meadow  district. 


37.      PYRRHOTITE— Magnetic    Pyrites. 

Sulphide  of  iron,  Fe„S„  +  i- 
Hexagonal.     Crystals     rare.     Commonly     massive,     either     granular     or 
compact.     Color    bronze-brown.     Streak    grayish     black.     Metallic    luster. 
Usually   slightly   magnetic.     H=:3.5  — 4.5;    G  =  4.5S  — 4.G4. 

The  bronze-brown  pyrrhotite  is  often  associated  with  i)yrite  and 
sometimes  is  found  in  large  k-iiticular  mas.ses.  it  is  a  common  sulphide 
in  gold  and  copper  districts,  although  generally  in  small  amounts. 
Masses  of  it  occur  in  serpentine  and  in  pegmatite  veins,  it  is  some- 
times nickeliferous. 

Calaveras  County:  Occasioiiiilly  louiid  with  Hie  i)yritc  at  Cainpo 
Seco  and  at  Copperopolis. 


38  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Del  Xorte  County :  The  copper  claims  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  on  Diamond  Creek,  Copper  Creek  and  Shelly  Creek  contain 
pyrrhotite  with  chalcopyrite. 

Fresno  County :  Large  bodies  are  said  to  occur  on  the  Fresno  Copper 
Company's  property. 

Humboldt  County:  Bodies  are  said  to  exist  on  Elk  Creek. 

Madera  County:  Found  in  the  old  Buchanan  mine,  Turner "^^^ 

Marin  County:  Tabular  crystals  have  been  found  on  Mount  Tanial- 
pais. 

]\Iariposa  County :  Thick  bodies  occur  in  the  Green  Mountain  mine. 
The  mineral  is  common  as  one  of  the  sulphides  of  the  gold  mines. 

Mono  County:  Common  in  quartz  at  the  Tioga  mine,  Turner^ 2>. 

Nevada  County :  Found  in  the  mines  of  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada 
City,  Lindgren^''^     Also  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district,  Lindgren^^^ 

Placer  County:  One  of  the  sulphides  of  the  Ophir  mine,  Liudgren*^^^ 

Shasta  County:  Found  with  the  pyrite  at  some  of  the  copper  mines 
and  noticed  at  the  Black  Diamond  copper  mine. 

Siskiyou  County:  Prominent  with  chalcopyrite  at  Callahan.  Said 
to  be  nickeliferous  at  the  Hummer  mine. 

Tuolumne  County :  In  gneiss  on  north  fork  of  Beaver  River,  Tur- 
ner^^\ 


38.     BORNITE — Erubescite — Peacock   Ore. 

Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CusFeS^. 

Isometric.  Crystals  very  rare.  Generally  compact  massive.  Color  red- 
dish brown,  generally  tarnished  to  iridescent  colors.  Streak  grayish  black. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  3;  G  =  4.9  — 5.4. 

Bornite  is  generally  associated  with  chalcocite  and  chalcopyrite,  and 
is  fre(iuently  found  in  small  masses  in  many  of  the  copper  districts. 
It  is  sometimes  formed  along  contact  zones  with  garnet,  epidote,-vesuvia- 
nite  and  other  contact  minerals.  The  reddish  brown  color  and  charac- 
teristic tarnish  to  peacock  colors  readily  distinguishes  bornite  from 
grayish  black  chalcocite  and  brass-yellow  chalcopyrite. 

Calaveras  County :  Small  masses  have  been  found  at  Campo  Seco 
and  Copperopolis. 

Del  Norte  County :  Common  in  the  mines  at  the  head  of  Copper 
Creek. 

El  Dorado  Country :  At  Slug  Gulch  with  chalcopyrite  and  massive 
green  epidote. 

In  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fairplay,  massive  bornite 
occurred  in  coarse  pegmatite  of  orthoclase,  hornblende,  epidote,  garnet 
and  molybdenite.     Found  at  Georgetown  Avith  massive  garnet. 

Small  amounts  found  in  the  Alabaster  Cave  mine  near  Newhall. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  39 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  some  of  the  mines  of  the  Inyo  and  Ubehebe 
Mountains. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  in  the  IMeadow  Valley  district  with  fine 
crystals  of  garnet. 

]\Iono  County:  Occurred  in  the  Tioga  mine  and  in  the  Benton  dis- 
trict. 

Plumas  County :  Massive  hornite  is  a  common  form  of  copper  in 
Light's  Canyon,  Genessee  Valley  and  Indian  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Bornite  occurs  at  the  Tiptop  mine,  Lava 
Beds  district. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Near  Lexington,  Hanks "^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Bornite  is  occasionally  found  in  the  copper  mines  of 
this  county  and  specimens  have  come  from  Bully  Hill,  Copper  City, 
Afterthought  and  Iron  Mountain. 


39.     CUBANITE. 

Sulphide  of  copper  aud  iron,  CuFesS^. 

Isometric.     Generallj^      massive.     Color      bronze-yellow.     Streak      black. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  4;   G  =  4. 

Cubanite  is  a  rare  mineral  and  it  needs  careful  analyses  to  substan- 
tiate its  occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  some  locality  in  this 
county. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  A  large  mass  of  this  mineral  was  found  on 
Santa  Rosa  Creek  near  San  Simeon,  Hanks^^\  The  specimens  have  a 
bronze-yellow  color  and  are  compact  massive. 


40.     CHALCOPYRITE— Copper  Pyrites. 
Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  CuFeSo. 

Tetragonal.  Generally  massive.  Color  deep  brass-yellow,  often  with 
iridesc^^nt  tarnish.  Streak  greenish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4; 
G  =  4.1  — 4.3. 

Chalcopyrite  is  the  commonest  of  the  copper  minerals  and  forms  the 
principal  source  of  copper  in  the  State.  The  copper  deposits  are  largely 
bodies  of  pyrite  in  which  chalcopyrite  is  intermingled,  forming  in 
general  low  grade  copper  ore  with  some  gold  and  silver.  The  ore 
bodies  usually  occur  in  shear  zones  and  belts  of  raetamorphic  rock  aud 
their  origin  has  been  due  to  solutions  carrying  the  sulphides  and  impreg- 
nating the  crystalline  schists,  and  occasionally  tiie  countr}'  rock,  the 
impregnations  following  flows  and  intrusions  of  igneous  rock.  Where 
conditions  have  been  favorable  the  pyrite  has  ])ecome  segregated  into 


40  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

large  masses  with  often  more  or  less  lenticular  shape.  Deposits  along 
the  contact  between  limestone  and  igneous  rock  are  common.  The 
common  associated  minerals  with  the  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  are  galena 
and  sphalerite  and  occasionally  stibnite,  bismuthinite  and  tetrahedrite. 
Besides  (juartz,  calcite  and  liarite  are  often  present  as  gangue  minerals. 
Most  of  the  deposits  have  a  gossan  capping  of  earthy  limonite  and 
hematite  resulting  from  the  oxidation  of  the  iron  sulphides.  Practi- 
cally all  of  the  large  bodies  of  pyrite  in  the  State  carry  some  chalcopy- 
rite, but  those  in  Shasta  and  Calaveras  counties  are  at  present  the  most 
important  in  the  production  of  copper.  Chalcopyrite  in  small  patches 
and  seams  has  a  Avide  distribution  and  in  conseciuence  of  its  alteration 
green  stains  and  coatings  of  copper  carbonate  are  very  common. 
Aubury*^^^  has  issued  a  general  report  on  the  copper  resources  of  the 
State  and  some  of  the  data  regarding  localities  is  incorporated  below. 

Alameda  County :  A  body  of  pyrite  containing  a  small  amount  of 
chalcopyrite  is  mined  at  Leona  Heights,  East  Oakland,  for  sulphuric 
acid.  The  ore  lies  between  serpentine  and  altered  volcanic  rock  and 
the  alteration  minerals  have  been  described  by  Schaller*^i\ 

Alpine  County :  The  oldest  copper  claim  in  the  State  was  the  Uncle 
Billy  Rogers  claim  in  Hope  Valley.  This  claim  located  in  1855  con- 
sisted of  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  and  bornite  in  a  chimney-shaped  deposit 
in  garnet  rock.  Some  chalcopyrite  occurs  with  the  pyrite  and  enargite 
in  the  Mogul  district. 

Amador  County :  In  the  foothills  in  the  western  part  of  the  county 
there  is  a  belt  of  hornblende  and  chlorite  schists  which  contain  frequent 
lenticular  masses  of  pyrite  with  chalcopyrite  and  many  claims  are 
located  along  the  belt.  The  old  Newton  mine  near  Ranlett,  claims  near 
Jackson  and  those  of  Copper  Hill  are  well  known. 

Calaveras  County :  The  belt  of  schists  in  the  western  part  of  the 
county  contain  important  deposits  and  the  mines  at  Copperopolis  and 
at  Campo  Seco  are  still  important  producers  of  copper. 

Del  Norte  County :  Deposits  of  chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  and  pyrrho- 
tite  occur  in  the  serpentine  area  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  county 
near  Smith  River  and  its  tributaries.  Low  Divide,  Diamond  Creek 
and  Shelly  Creek  are  some  localities. 

El  Dorado  County :  There  are  numerous  small  deposits  of  the  mineral 
in  scattered  areas  in  the  county,  but  none  of  great  importance.  The 
mineral  is  found  near  Diamond  Springs,  near  Georgetown  and  at  Pilot 
Hill  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county.  Good  specimens  of  chal- 
copyrite with  bornite,  molybdenite,  garnet,  epidote  and  axinite  have 
come  from  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  on  the  Amador  County  line. 

Fresno  County :  Chalcopyrite  occurs  with  pyrrhotite  at  the  Fresno 
copper  mines,  with  pyrite  at  the  Copper  King  mine,  and  in  the  gold 
district  of  the  northeast  part  of  the  county.  . 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  41 

Humboldt  County :  Deposits  occur  on  the  east  slope  of  Horse  Moun- 
tain with  chalcocite,  native  copper  and  cuprite. 

Inyo  County:  Chalcopyrite  occurs  near  Darwin  on  contact  between 
granite  and  limestone  and  in  the  Ilbehebe  IMountains  with  chalcocite. 

Imperial  County:  In  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  tlie  county  the 
copper  claims  near  Ogilby,  Hedges  and  in  the  Picacho  district  contain 
some  chalcopyrite  with  oxidized  ores. 

Kern  County:  Chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  occurs  in  the  gold  mines  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  county  near  Randsburg  and  Garlock. 

]\Iadera  County :  The  belt  of  schists  carrying  the  copper  and  iron 
sulphides  extend  across  the  county  and  there  are  numerous  small 
claims.  Found  in  small  masses  in  the  Green  Mountains,  at  the  old 
Buchanan  mine,  at  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  and  other  claims  near  Daulton. 

Marin  County :  Small  deposits  of  pyrite  mixed  with  chalcopyrite 
occur  in  the  schists  between  Mount  Tamalpais  and  Bolinas  Bay. 

i\Iariposa  County :  Chalcopyrite  is  present  to  some  extent  in  the  gold 
mines  of  the  county.  Several  small  bodies  of  the  sulphides  occur  in 
the  schists  and  altered  diabases  on  the  western  border  but  of  little 
importance.  The  Green  Mountains  and  other  mines  on  the  south 
border  near  Donovan,  the  old  Pocahontas  mine  near  Lewis,  the  Copper 
Hill  mines  in  Indian  Gulch,  the  old  Beretta  mines  and  other  claims  near 
the  Merced  River,  all  contain  massive  chalcopyrite  with  auriferous 
pyrite. 

Nevada  Count}":  At  Spenceville,  Mineral  Hill,  Pine  Hill,  Iron  ]\Ioun- 
tain,  French  Corral  and  North  San  Juan  chalcopyrite  claims  have  been 
worked.  Good  masses  of  pure  chalcopyrite  also  are  found  in  the 
Meadow  Lake  district. 

Placer  County:  Near  Auburn,  Newcastle.  Valley  View  and  at  Dairy 
Farm  good  deposits  of  pyrite  with  some  chalcopyrite  occur. 

Plumas  County :  Deposits  of  good  chalcopyrite  with  bornite  and  chal- 
cocite are  found  in  Genessee  Valley  near  Flournoy,  in  Indian  Valley 
near  Taylorsville  and  in  Moonlight  and  Light's  canyons  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Taylorsville. 

Riverside  County:  The  copper  deposits  lie  mostly  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county  in  the  Palen,  McCoy  and  other  mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Tiiere  are  numerous  gold-copper  claims  in 
the  county  especially  in  tlie  mountains  of  tlie  eastern  part.  Some  chal- 
copyrite occurs  witii  oxidized  coi)per  ores  in  tlie  Clarke  IMountains.  New 
York  Mountains,  near  Ivanpah,  ^lanvel.  A^ontrigger,  Sunrise,  Xeedles,  on 
Mount  Whipple,  Monument  Mountain.  Turtle  Mountain  and  Providence 
Mountains.  The  mineral  is  also  found  in  tlie  Lava  Beds  district,  in  the 
Oro  Grande  district  and  in  the  Morrow  district  north  of  Harstow. 


42  STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

San  Diego  County :  Masses  of  chalcopyrite  occur  in  the  Eneinitas 
group  of  mines,  a  few  miles  east  of  Eneinitas  and  in  the  Banna  mines 
near  Lakeside.     Some  is  found  in  the  Julian  district. 

Shasta  County :  The  deposits  of  this  county  are  the  most  important 
and  most  extensively  worked  in  the  State.  The  ore  is  pyrite  carrying 
the  copper  sulphide  and  while  in  general  low-grade  copper  propositions, 
the  immense  size  of  the  ])odies  makes  them  of  great  value.  The  Iron 
Mountain,  or  Mountain  Copper,  Shasta  King,  Balaklala,  Golinsky, 
Mammoth  and  other  mines  on  the  west  side  of  the  Sacramento  River, 
and  the  Afterthought,  Copper  City  and  Bully  Hill  mines  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river  have  been  great  producers  of  copper  for  some  years. 
The  ore  bodies  in  general  lie  in  shear  zones  in  metarhyolite  or  meta 
basalt,  and  sometimes  along  the  contact  of  the  igneous  rock  and  lime- 
stone. 

Sierra  County :  Small  masses  of  chalcopyrite  with  other  sulphides 
occur  near  Poker  Flat,  Sierra  City  and  in  the  Mohawk  Valley. 

Siskiyou  County :  The  Richie  mine  and  claims  near  Callahan  show 
chalcopyrite. 

Trinity  County :  Some  deposits  of  the  mineral  occur  in  the  western 
part  of  the  county  along  New  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Rattlesnake  Creek 
and  on  the  Cold  Fork  of  Indian  Valley  Creek. 

Tulare  County :  Chalcopyrite  with  pyrite  is  found  on  the  middle  fork 
of  Tule  River,  a  few  miles  east  of  Porterville  and  also  near  Kearsarge 
Peak. 

Tuolumne  County :  The  schist  belt  carrying  the  sulphides  crosses  the 
county  a  few  miles  west  of  the  Mother  Lode  and  several  small  claims 
are  located  along  the  belt. 


41.     MARCASITE— White    Pyrites. 

Sulphide   of   iron,   FeS;. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly  in  tabular  crystals,  stalactites.  Also  mas- 
sive and  indistinguishable  from  pyrite.  Color  pale  brass-yellow.  Streak 
bro\Ynish   black.     Metallic   luster.     HzzG  — 6.5;    G  =  4.S5  — 4.9. 

Marcasite  can  not  readily  be  distinguished  from  pyrite  except  when 
in  crystals,  so  it  is  often  classed  as  pyrite.  It  is  much  rarer  in  the  State 
than  pyrite,  and  is  rather  characteristically  associated  with  clays  and 
cinnabar. 

Alpine  County  :  Specimens  associated  with  sphalerite  have  come  from 
some  of  the  mines  of  the  county. 

Napa  County :  Marcasite  was  the  abundant  iron  sulphide  at  the  old 
Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  in  close  association  with  the  cinnabar. 
'    Nevada   County :  Mentioned   as  one   of  the   minerals   of  the   Grass 
Valley  mines  by  Lindgren*^^^ 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  43 

42.     PYRITE— Iron  Pyrites. 

Sulphide  of  iron,  FeS.. 

Isometric.  Crystals  common ;  usually  cubes,  pyritohedrons  and  octa- 
hedrons. Generally  compact  and  granular  massive.  Color  brass-yellow. 
Streak   greenish   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  6  —  6..5 ;   G  =  5. 

Pyrite  is  the  commonest  of  the  sulphide  minerals  and  is  found  in  all 
kinds  of  rock,  but  is  more  especially  prominent  in  metamorphic  schists, 
slates  and  quartzites  and  in  unaltered  sandstones.  It  is  commonly 
found  in  distinct  crystals  and  in  granular  masses.  Cubes  several  inches 
in  diameter  are  frequent  in  gold  districts,  but  in  general  the  smaller 
crystals  and  granular  masses  are  more  highly  auriferous.  It  is  from 
pyrite  bodies  that  most  of  the  copper  production  of  the  State  is  obtained, 
the  source  of  the  copper  being  the  intimately  intermingled  chalcopyrite. 
All  of  the  localities  given  for  chalcopyrite  and  many  more  might  be 
cited  for  the  mineral  since  it  is  present  in  every  county.  Its  oxidation 
produces  limonite  and  hematite  and  the  gossan  of  mineral  veins  is  mostly 
formed  by  its  alteration.  Cubes  of  limonite  as  pseudomorphs  after 
pyrite  are  exceedingly  common. 

Alameda  County:  Crystals  from  the  Alma  mine,  Leona  Heights, 
have  the  forms :  (110),  (100),  (340),  (120),  (140),  (111),  (252),  (121), 
(241).  (231),  Schaller<i>. 

Calaveras  County:  Cubes  and  pyritohedrons  occur  with  the  gold  on 
Carson  Hill,  but  the  long  needles  from  the  Stanislaus  mine,  described 
as  distorted  pyrite  crystals  by  Jackson "^-^^  are  millerite. 

Colusa  County:  Hexagonal  plates  of  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs 
after  pyrrhotite  at  the  Sulphur  Creek  deposit,  Genth^"^ 

Santa  Clara  County :  Crystals  from  the  Xew  Almaden  cinnabar  mine 
had  the  forms:  (100)  and  (470),  Jackson  <3). 

Sonoma  County :  Large  octahedrons  have  been  found  on  Austin  Creek 
near  Healdsburg. 


43.     KERMESITE— Red   Antimony. 

Oxisulphide  of  antimony,  SIkSjO. 

Monoclinic.     Usually      in      hair-like      tufts.     Color      cherry-red.     Streak 
brownish   red.     Metallic   to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  l  —  3.5;   0=1.5. 

This  is  a  rare  mineral  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  minerals  containing 
antimony,  especially  stibnite.  It  is  generally  in  cavities  as  long  cherry- 
red  needles. 

Kern  County :  Fine  red  needles  of  kermesite  were  found  on  stibnite 
at  the  Mojave  antimony  mine,  about  fifteen  miles  north  of  Mojave. 


44  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

44.     VOLTZITE. 

Oxisulphide  of  ziuc,  Zn5S40. 

Globular     and     lamellar     forms.     Color     rose-red     to     brown.     Streak 
brownish   red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4 — -4.5;   0  =  3.60  —  3.8. 

A  very  rare  mineral  which  forms  globular  and  platy  reddish  brown 
coatings  from  the  oxidation  of  zinc  sulphide. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  some  place  in 
this  county. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


45 


CHAPTER  III. 


ARSENIDES,  SELEMDES,  TELLURIDES  AND 
SULPHOSALTS. 


Arsenides. 
Cobaltite 
Arsenopyrite 
Smaltite 
Lollingite 
Leucopyrite 

Selenides. 
Tiemannite 


Tvlliirides. 
Tetradymite 
Hessite 
Petzite 
Altaite 
Coloradoite 
Melouite 
Sylvanite 
Calaverite 
Nagyagite 


Siiliiltaiitimonites. 

Berthierite 

Ja  meson  ite 

Bounionite 

Pyrargyrite 

Tetrahodrite 

Geocronite 

Stephanite 

Polybasite 
Siiltjharsenites. 

Dufrenoysite 

Proustite 

Enargite 


45.     COBALTITE. 

Sulpharsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAsS. 

Isometric.  Commonly  in  cubes  and  pyritohedrons  ;  also  massive.  Cleav- 
age perfect  cubic.  Color  reddish  white.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  5.5;  G  =  6  —  6.3. 

Cobalt  and  nickel  compounds  are  very  rare  in  the  State,  and  only  an 
occasional  specimen  is  fonnd. 

Mariposa  Comity:  Good  crystals  were  found  in  the  Copper  Chieftain 
mine. 

Mono  County:  Occurred  with  gold  in  the  Tioga  mine,  Turner *^-\ 

Nevada  County :  Small  seams  of  cobaltite  with  chalcopyrite  occur  in 
a  schist  on  Rattlesnake  Creek,  south  of  Signal  Peak. 

Placer  County :  Found  with  arsenopyrite  in  the  ]\Ietallic  mine,  near 
Cisco,  and  with  chalcopyrite  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Alta. 


46.     ARSENOPYRITE— Mispickel— Arsenical  Pyrites. 
Sulpharsenide  of  iron.  FeAsS. 

Orthorhombic.  Common  in  crystals.  Generally  compact  to  granular 
massive.  Color  silver  white  to  steel  gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic 
luster.     11  =  5.5—6;  G  =  5.9— 6.2. 

Arsenopyrite  is  a  very  common  vein  mineral  and  is  sometimes  highly 
auriferous.  The  concentrates  from  most  of  the  mining  regions  of  the 
State  generally  contain  more  or  less  of  it  and  in  some  districts  arsenopy- 
rite is  the  chief  gold-liearing  ore.     ^Most  of  the  arsenic  of  commerce  is 


46  STATE    MINING    BT^REAU. 

obtained  from  this  mineral  generally  as  a  l>y-product  in  the  smelting 
for  gold  and  silver. 

Danaite  is  a  variety  containing  from  four  to  ten  per  cent  of  cobalt. 

Amador  County :  In  the  New  Hope  mine,  in  Quartz  Mountain  mines, 
and  in  the  mines  between  Jackson  and  Mokelumne  Hill,  arsenopyrite 
occurs. 

Calaveras  County :  Near  Angels  and  in  the  mines  along  the  ^lother 
Lode  considerable  arsenopyrite  has  been  found  high  in  gold  content. 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurred  in  the  Florence  mine  near  Placerville, 
and  also  near  Georgetown. 

Imjjerial  County :  Found  in  the  mines  of  the  Cargo  Muchacho  district. 

Kern  County:  The  Sumner,  Confidence,  Relief  and  other  old  mines 
near  Kernville  and  Havilah  contained  auriferous  arsenopyrite. 

]\Iariposa  County :  In  mines  near  Coulterville ;  danaite  mth  erythrite 
was  found  in  the  Josephine  mine,  Bear  Valley,  Turner^*^ 

Mono  County:  Common  in  the  Lundy  district  carrying  gold. 

Nevada  County :  Found  in  the  Betsy  mine.  Grass  Valley  and  in  the 
Meadow  Lake  district.  Danaite  was  found  in  the  IMeadow  Lake  district, 
W.  P.  Blake(io). 

Placer  County :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  mines  of  the  Ophir  district, 
Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Large  bunches  in  Pilot  Hill  gold  mine,  six  miles 
northwest  of  Gibsonville. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  the  Julian  district. 

Sierra  County :  The  chief  gold-bearing  mineral  at  Alleghany  and 
containing  a  high  percentage  of  gold.  In  the  Golden  King  mine  on 
Kanaka  Creek  it  is  said  to  have  occurred  with  gold  telluride. 

Tulare  County :  Found  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 


47.     SMALTITE— Cobalt  Glance. 
Arsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAso. 

Isometric.     Generally  massive.     Color  tin  white.     Streak  grayish   black. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  5.5  —  0;   G  =  6.4  — 6.6. 

Smaltite  usually  contains  some  nickel  and  it  is  the  more  common  form 
of  cobalt  compound.  A  few  small  veins  and  seams  of  the  mineral  have 
been  found  in  the  State  but  no  important  deposits. 

Lassen  County :  Specimens  of  gray  smaltite  with  erythrite  and  anna- 
bergite  as  alteration  products  have  come  from  some  locality  in  this 
county. 

Los  Angeles  County :  At  the  old  Kelsey  and  0.  K.  mines  in  San 
Gabriel  Canyon  smaltite  coated  with  erythrite  occurred  with  the  native 
silver  and  argentite. 


-  OF  THE  ) 

C^'  l-FGE  OP        ,  MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  47 

Napa  County :  The  mineral  has  been  found  in  thin  seams  with  eryth- 
rite  in  the  serpentine  rock  of  the  Beryessa  Valley. 

Nevada  Countv :  Occurs  in  the  Meadow  Lake  district. 


48.     LOLLINGITE. 
Arsenide  of  iron,  FeASj. 

Orthorhombic.  Small  crystals  or  granular.  Color  silver  white  to  light 
steel-gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  = 
7  —  7.2. 

This  mineral  is  rare  as  most  of  the  arsenical  iron  is  arsenopyrite. 

Leucopyrite  is  a  variety  with  a  different  proportion  of  arsenic  and 
iron,  FcjAs^. 

Amador  County :  Small  crystals  of  lollingite  were  found  in  the 
black  slate  at  the  Mayflower  mine,  Amador  City. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Specimens  of  leucopyrite  have  come  from  this 
county,  Hanks^^\ 


49.     TIEMANNITE. 
Selenide  of  mercury,  HgSe. 

Isometric,  tetrahedral.     Generally  massive.     Color  dark  lead-gray.     Streak 
black.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  8.30  —  8.47. 

The  selenide  is  not  a  common  form  of  mercury  but  some  large  masses 
of  it  have  been  found  in  the  cinnabar  districts. 

Lake  County:  According  to  W.  P.  Blake'^^  the  mineral  occurred  in 
large  masses  in  the  vicinity  of  Clear  Lake.  Masses  of  it  occurred  in 
the  Abbott  mine  associated  with  cinnabar  and  petroleum. 

Orange  County :  Found  with  cinnabar  and  metacinnabarite  at  the 
San  Joa(|uin  Ranch  mine. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  with  cinnabar  at  the  old  Guadalupe 
mine  near  New  Almaden. 


50.     TETRADYMITE. 

Telluride  of  bismuth,   BioTe^. 

Hexagonal,    rhombohedral.     Commonly    granular.     Color    steel-gray. 
11  =  1.5  —  2;   G  =  7.2  —  7.G.     Cleavage   perfect  basal.     Metallic   luster. 

This  rare  telluride  is  probably  present  in  some  of  the  gold  mines 
where  bismuth  and  tellurium  are  found  in  the  concentrates,  l)ut  it  has 
only  been  identified  in  a  few  localities. 


48  rsTATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Calaveras  County :  Found  with  gold  in  the  JMelones  and  in  the  Mor- 
gan mines  on  Carson  Hill,  associated  with  other  tellurides  of  this 
famous  telhiride  locality,  Hanks'^^ 

Nevada  County  :  Occurred  at  the  old  Murchie  mine  near  Nevada  City, 
Hanks(6). 

Tuolumne  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  at  the  Soulsby 
mine. 


51.     HESSITE. 

Telhiride   of   silver,    AgoTe. 

Isometric.  Generally  in  distorted  octahedrons.  Sometimes  massive. 
Color  lead-gray  to  steel-gray.  Streak  dark  gray  to  black.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  2..5  — 3;  G  =  8.31  —  8.45. 

Hessite  generally  contains  gold  and  often  grades  into  petzite  so  the 
two  tellurides  are  apt  to  be  together  in  mines.  They  are  the  more 
common  forms  of  tellurium  and  occur  in  most  mines  where  gold  tel- 
lurides are  found,  often  associated  with  sylvanite  or.calaverite. 

Calaveras  County :  Hessite  was  one  of  the  tellurides  of  the  old  Stanis- 
laus mine  on  Carson  Hill.     It  was  analysed  by  Genth^^^. 

1100.43. 

El  Dorado  County:  Found  massive  as  a  drift  specimen  with  galena 
and  inclosing  gold  at  Georgetown,  W.  P.  Blake ^^\ 

Kern  County :  Has  been  observed  with  the  silver  minerals  at  the 
Amalie  mine. 

Nevada  County :  A  specimen  of  pyrite,  galena  and  native  gold  from 
the  Nevada  City  mine  contained  some  soft  gray  hessite,  Lindgren'^^\ 

Shasta  County :  Found  in  the  Shearer  and  Rattler  mine,  3  miles  from 
Redding. 

Sierra  County :  Found  in  the  Golden  King  mine  on  Kanaka  Creek 
near  Alleghany. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurred  in  the  old  Reist  mine  on  Whiskey  Hill, 
Silliman^^\  Is  present  in  the  Jumper  and  Bonanza  mines  near  James- 
town. 


52.     PETZITE. 

Telluride  of  silver  and  gold   (Ag.Au^loTe. 

Massive.     Color    steel-gray    to    black.     Streak    black.     Metallic    luster. 
H  =  2.5  — 3;   G  =  8.7  — 9.0. 

Petzite  is  usually  associated  with  hessite,  sylvanite  and  calaverite.     It 
is  the  commonest  form  of  the  gold  telluride  found  in  the  State. 


Au 

Ag- 

Pb 

Ni 

Te 

3.28 

46.34 

1.65 

4.71 

44.45 

3.22 

55.60 



1.54 

(39.64) 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  49 

Calaveras  County :  Found  with  liessite  in  the  Stanislaus  and  Melones 
mines  on  Carson  Hill.  Specimens  from  the  Stanislaus  mine  have  been 
analysed  by  Genth^"*)  and  Kustel^^\ 

Au  Ag  Te 

(  2r>..-).->         41.03         32.52  per  cent 
Geuth  j  2.J.T0         42.30         31.94 

Kiistel    24.S0         40.(50         35.40 

El  Dorado  County :  Found  with  calaverite  at  the  Darling  mine  about 
three  miles  northeast  of  American  Flat. 

Inyo  County:  Occurs  at  Telluride  in  the  Gilt  Edge  claim  seven  miles 
southeast  of  Olanche. 

Tuolumne  County :  One  of  the  tellurides  in  the  Golden  Rule,  Raw- 
hide Ranch  and  Norwegian  mines  near  Tuttletown.  Analysed  from  the 
Golden  Rule  mine  by  Genth'^'*^  and  from  the  Norwegian  mine  by  Hille- 
braiuFD. 

Au  Ag  Te  Se     MnO 

{  2r^.m       41.86       32.68       __       __        =100.14  per  cent 
Golden    Kiilo      ^  o_^  ,^_       ^^  g„       g^^g       __         _        ^iqO.OO 

Xorwejiian    2.j.l()       41.87       33.21       tr.      0.08     =   99.32 


53.     ALTAITE. 

Telluride  of  lead,   PbTe. 

Isometric.     Small    octahedrons    and    massive.     Color    tin-white    to    dark 
gray.     Metallic  luster.     H=3;   G  =  8.16. 

Altaite  is  found  associated  with  hessite,  petzite  and  gold  tellurides  in 
a  few  localities. 

Calaveras  County:  Occurred  with  hessite  and  petzite  at  the  Stanis- 
laus mine,  Carson  Hill,  and  analysed  by  Genth^"*). 

Pb  Ag-  Au  Te 

60.71         1.17         0.26         37.31  =z   09.45  per  cent 

Nevada  County :  One  of  the  minerals  at  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada 
City,  occurring  in  ])unches  in  the  Ural  vein  intergrown  with  native  gold 
and  associated  with  quartz,  pyrite  and  galena,  Lindgren**^\ 

Tuolumne  County:  Occurred  in  the  Golden  Rule  mine,  near  Tuttle- 
town. Genth'^\ 

Also  at  Sawmill  Flat  with  the  forms  (111)  and  (322)  and  was  partly 
analysed  by  Siiarwood,  Eakle'^\ 

Pb  Ag  Au  Te 

G5.0         tr.         none         35.0 


4—8560 


50  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

54.     COLORADOITE. 

Telliiride  of  mercury,   HgTe. 
Massive,  granular.     Color  irou-black.     Metallic  luster.     11=3:   G  =  S.63. 

The  telluride  of  mercury  is  a  very  rare  mineral,  and  only  one  speci- 
men has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Tuolumne  County :  Hillebrand^^^  found  one  specimen  which  he 
identified  as  coloradoite,  associated  with  the  other  tellurides  of  the  Nor- 
wegian mine  near  Tuttletown. 


55.     MELONITE. 

Telluride  of  nickel,  Ni.Tes. 

Hexagonal.     Commonly   granular  and   foliated.     Cleavage   perfect   basal. 
Color  reddish  white.     Streak  dark  gray.     Metallic  luster. 

This  rare  telluride  has  only  been  found  in  one  locality,  and  there  is 
some  question  of  its  exact  formula. 

Calaveras  County :  The  rare  telluride  of  nickel  was  discovered  among 
the  other  tellurides  of  the  Melones  mine  on  Carson  Hill  in  1867  and  was 
named  by  Gentli^^^^*^,  for  the  mine.  A  similar  mineral  was  later  found 
in  the  Stanislaus  mine  and  analysed  by  Hillebrand^i^ 

Te 
Genth   73.43 

Hillebrand    80.75 


56.     SYLVANITE— Graphic  Tellurium. 

Telluride  of  gold  and  silver,   (Au,  Ag)Te2. 

Monoclinic.  Bladed  crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  clino- 
pinacoidal.  Color  yellowish  silver-white.  Streak  silver  gray.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;  G  =  7.9  —  8.3. 

This  important  telluride  ma.y  be  present  in  many  of  the  gold  districts 
where  tellurium  is  found,  as  it  is  one  of  the  commoner  forms  of  tel- 
lurium.    It  has  been  identified  in  very  few  localities. 

Calaveras  County :  Sylvanite  was  one  of  the  tellurides  occurring  in 
the  Carson  Hill  mines  and  was  especially  prominent  in  the  Melones  and 
Stanislaus  mines.  An  analysis  of  it  from  the  latter  mine  was  nuide  by 
Stetefeldt(i). 

Te  Au  Ag 

59.6  25.5  13.9 

Trinity  County :  It  has  been  found  with  gold  in  the  Yellow  Jacket 
mine,  and  with  nagyagite  at  the  Dorleska  mine,  Coffee  Creek  district. 


NiCo 

Pb 

As 

20.98 

0.72 

4.08 

=  99.21  per  cent 

18.31 



0.86 

=  99.92 

MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  51 

57.     CALAVERITE. 

Tellurido  of  gold  and  silver,  (Au,  Ag)Te,. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  with  striated  faces ;  also  massive.  Color  pale 
bronze-yellow  to  yellowish  silvor-gray.  Streak  j-ellowish  gray.  Metallic 
luster.     H  =  2.5;  G:=9.04. 

A  chemical  investigation  of  the  various  telhiride  minerals  from  the 
mines  on  Carson  Hill  hy  Genth^^\  proved  the  existence  of  a  new  tel- 
luride  of  gold  and  silver  which  he  named  after  the  county.  Since  that 
original  discovery,  the  mineral  has  been  found  in  very  valuable  deposits 
at  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado,  and  in  Australia. 

Calaveras  County :  Discovered  at  the  old  Stanislaus  mine  and  later 
in  the  Melones  mine,  the  latter  mine  being  the  only  one  of  this  famous 
group  of  mines  on  Carson  Hill  still  in  active  operation.  An  analysis  of 
the  mineral  from  the  Stanislaus  mine  was  made  by  Genth^^^ 

=  100.11  per  cent 

El  Dorado  County :  Found  with  petzite  in  the  Darling  mine  near 
Eock  Creek,  about  three  miles  northeast  of  American  Flat. 


58.     NAGYAGITE. 
Sulpho-telluride  of  gold,   lead  and   antimony,   AuoPbuSbjTeTSn. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  foliated  and  granular.  Perfect  cleavage  into 
thin  flexible  laminae.  Dark  lead-gray  color  and  streak.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  l  — 1.5;  G  =  6.S5  — 7.2. 

This  is  a  very  rare  telluride  and  has  onl}*  been  observed  at  one 
locality  in  California. 

Trinity  County :  Observed  with  hessite  at  the  Dorleska  mine.  Coffee 
Creek  district. 


Au 
40.70 

Ag 
3.52 

Te 
55.89 

40.92 

3.08 

(56.00) 

SULPHO-SALTS-  SULPHANTIMONITES  AND  SULPHARSENITES. 

59.     BERTHIERITE. 

Sulphantimonite  of  iron,  FeSboSv 

Long  prismatic.     Vsually  fibrous  massive.     Color  dark  steel-gray.     Streak 
grayish  black.     Metallic  luster.     11  =  2  —  3;  G=4  — 4.3. 

This  is  a  rare  iron  compound  and  its  existence  in  the  State  lias  not 
been  definitely  established. 


52  .STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

Tuolumne  County :  Heavy  ledges  of  dark  ore  occur  in  an  area  of 
schists  on  the  southeast  slope  of  INIount  Gibbs,  which  appear  to  be  an 
impure  berthierite  mixed  with  galena,  pyrite  and  (juartz,  Turner(*\ 


60.     JAMESONITE— Feather  Ore. 

Sulphantimonite  of  lead,  Pb^SboS^. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  fibrous  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  lead-gray.  Streak  grayish  black.  Metallic  luster.  H=2  —  3; 
G  =  5.5  — 6.0. 

Jamesonite  is  one  of  the  common  lead  sulpho-salts  and  is  often 
present  in  silver-lead  districts,  sometimes  in  large  masses. 

Calaveras  County:  Found  at  Mokelumne  Hill.  Hanks^^^ 

Inyo  County :  Compact  massive  specimens  have  come  from  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine,  associated  with  argentiferous  galena. 

Napa  County :  The  delicate  capillary  or  hair-like  variety  was  found 
with  cinnabar  at  the  ^lanhattan  mine,  near  Knoxville. 


61.     BOURNONITE. 

Sulphantimonite  of  lead  and  copper  (PbjCuo'ljSboSe. 

Orthorhombic.     Short     prismatic     and     tabular     crystals     and     massive. 
Color  and  streak  lead-gray.     Metallic   luster.     H=2.5  —  3;    G  =  5.7  —  5.9. 

Bournonite  is  occasionally  found  in  silver-lead  districts  where  copper 
is  also  a  constituent  of  the  veins.  It  occurs  in  good  crystals  as  well  as 
massive. 

Inyo  County :  The  only  known  occurrence  of  the  mineral  is  at 
Cerro  Gordo,  where  it  is  found  massive.  Reid^'*\ 


62.     PYRARGYRITE— Dark  Ruby  Silver. 
Sulphantimonite  of  silver,  AgsSbSj. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Prismatic  crystals.  Also  massive.  Color 
grayish  black,  or  dark  red.  Streak  purplish  red.  Metallic  luster. 
H  =  2.;>:  G  =  5.8.5. 

The  ruby  silver  ore  is  found  in  silver  veins  as  a  secondary  mineral 
and  is  associated  with  argentite,  polybasite,  stephanite,  tetrahedrite  and 
other  silver  minerals.  It  is  characteristically  found  as  dark  gray 
1)lotches  and  bands  with  red  streaks,  in  massive  white  quartz. 

Alpine  County :  It  occurred  in  the  old  I  X  L  and  Exchequer  mines 
of  the  Silver  Mountain  district. 

Kern  Countv :  Found  associated  with  argentite  at  the  Amalie  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  53 

Mono  Comity :  In  the  Oro,  Addenda,  Fortuna  and  other  mines  south 
of  Bodie  pyrargyrite  and  stephanite  were  abundant.  Crystals  were 
■found  in  a  vugg  in  the  Bodie  mine.  Pyrargyrite  also  occurred  in  the 
Blind  Spring  mines,  in  the  Tower  mine,  and  in  other  mines  near 
Benton,  Whiting^ ^^ 

Nevada  Countj^:  Found  in  a  specimen  from  the  Allison  Ranch  mine, 
associated  with  pyrite.  chalcopyrite  and  galena ;  also  in  the  Central 
mine  south  of  Banner  Hill,  and  is  probably  present  in  other  mines  of 
the  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City  district  as  indicated  by  the  silver- 
rich  concentrates,  Lindgren*''\ 

Shasta  County :  Small  amounts  of  pyrargyrite  were  occasionally 
found  in  the  mines  near  Igo. 


63.     TETRAHEDRITE— Gray   Copper. 
Sulphautimonite   of  copper.   Cii^SboS;. 

Isometric,  tetrabedral.  Generally  massive.  Color  dark  steel-gray. 
Streak  black,  sometimes  cherry-red.  Metallic  luster.  Hrr3  —  4.5; 
G= 4.4  — .5.1. 

The  steel-gray  metallic  tetrahedrite  is  quite  common  in  many  of  the 
gold  and  copper  mines  of  the  State.  It  is,  however,  seldom  prominent 
but  occurs  in  small  amounts  mixed  with  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite 
and  other  common  sulphides. 

Freibcrgite  is  the  argentiferous  variety  and  is  perhaps  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  the  mineral  in  California. 

Tcnnantite  is  a  sulpharsenite  of  copper  and  while  really  a  distinct 
mineral,  it  may  be  considered  as  a  form  of  tetrahedrite  with  its  anti- 
mony replaced  by  arsenic.     The  two  minerals  are  seldom  differentiated. 

Alpine  County:  Considerable  tetrahedrite  has  been  found  in  the 
Silver  Mountain  district. 

Calaveras  County:  Small  amounts  of  the  mineral  were  found  in  the 
mines  on  Carson  Hill. 

Del  Norte  County :  Found  at  Crookeshine. 

Imperial  County :  Occurred  in  the  Blue  Jacket  and  other  mines  of 
the  Picacho  district. 

Inyo  County:  Tetrahedrite  was  an  important  mineral  in  the  Cerro 
Gordo  district  containing  a  large  percentage  of  silver.  Occurred  also 
in  some  of  the  White  Mountain  mines,  in  the  mines  of  the  Button 
Range  and  in  the  old  San  Carlos  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Found  in  the  Zapate  mine  in  the  San  Gabriel 
Canyon. 

Mariposa  Count}' :  A  common  mineral  in  the  gold  mines  of  the 
county,  associated  with  (puirtz,  pyrite,  galenite  and  sphalerite.  The 
silver-rich  variety  freibergite  was  found  in  large  masses  in  white  ([uartz, 


54  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

at  the  Live  Oak  mine,  near  Mariposa,  Hanks^^\  The  mineral  also 
occurred  in  the  Pine  Tree  mine  near  Coulterville. 

Mendocino  County:  In  the  Redwood  Copper  Queen  mine  with  chal- 
copyrite,  gold  and  silver. 

Mono  County :  An  important  silver  ore  in  several  districts.  In  the 
Diana,  Comet,  Comanche  and  other  mines  of  the  Blind  Spring  Hill 
district,  it  occurred  massive  associated  with  partzite.  Also  found  in 
the  Bodie  district. 

Nevada  County:  A  heavy  mass  was  found  in  the  Osborn  Hill  vein, 
associated  with  zineblende  and  chalcopyrite.  In  small  quantities  at  the 
North  Banner  and  at  other  mines  of  the  Banner  Hill  and  Willow  Valley 
districts,  Lindgren^^^. 

Placer  County :  Dark  steel-gray  tetrahedrite  associated  with  other 
sulphide  minerals  and  with  electrum  was  quite  common  in  the  Ophir 
district,  having  been  noticed  in  the  Boulder,  Gold  Blossom,  Pine  Tree 
and  Golden  Stag  mines,  Lindgren^^^. 

Plumas  County :  Found  at  the  Irby  Holt  mine  in  Indian  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  It  has  been  found  massive  in  the  New  York 
and  other  mines  in  the  New  York  Mountains. 

Shasta  County :  Gray  copper  is  of  rather  common  occurrence  in  the 
copper  mines  of  the  county  although  in  small  amounts.  It  has  been 
found  in  a  barite  gangue  in  the  Bully  Hill  mine. 

Tuolumne  County :  Occurred  as  one  of  the  minerals  on  Whiskey  Hill, 
Silliman*^*.     Found  massive  in  the  Golden  Rule  mine,  near  Jamestown. 


64.     GEOCRONITE. 

Snlpbautimouite  of  lead,  Pb^SboSj. 
Orthorhombic.     Generallj'    massive,    granular    or    earthy.     Color    bluish 
lead-gray.     Streak  lead-gray.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2..5;   G  =  6.3  —  6.45. 

Geocronite  is  one  of  the  very  rare  lead  minerals  found  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County:  According  to  Hanks^^^,  small  masses  were  found  with 
galena  in  the  Inyo  Mountains. 

]\Iouo  County :  It  was  observed  in  the  Garibaldi  mine,  Prescott 
district,  associated  with  galena  and  sphalerite. 


65.     STEPHANITE— Brittle  Silver— Black  Silver. 

Sulphantimonite    of   silver,    AgjSbS^. 
Orthorhombic.     Crystals    common,     usually     with     striated     faces.     Also 
massive.     Color   iron-black.     Streak   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5; 
G  =  6.2  — 6.3. 

Stephanite  is  a  very  important  and  usually  prominent  silver  mineral 
in  silver  districts  but  it  does  not  appear  common  in  California.     It  is 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  55 

often  associated  with  argentite  and  polyl)asite  as  an  original  mineral 
of  the  veins. 

Alpine  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  the  Morning  Star  mine, 
J.  D.  Dana<i). 

Mono  County:  In  the  Blind  Spring  Hill  district  it  occurred  as  one 
of  the  associate  minerals.  Large  masses  were  found  with  pyrargyrite 
in  the  Oro,  Addenda  and  Fortuna  mines,  Bodie  district,  Whiting'^^^ 
Also  one  of  the  minerals  of  the  Sweetwater  Range  north  of  Bridgeport. 

Nevada  County:  One  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Grass  Valley 
mines.  Lindgren^''). 


66.     POLYBASITE. 

Sulphaiitimouite  of  silver,  AgsSbSo. 

Orthoi'hombic.     Tabular  crj'stals  and  massive.     Color  iron-black.     Streak 
black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  2  — 3;   G  =  G.2. 

Polyhasite  closely  resembles  stephantite ;  the  two  are  often  mixed  and 
are  seldom  differentiated.  When  in  good  crystals  they  can  be  told 
apart  but  when  massive  their  separate  identification  is  difficult. 

Alpine  County :  The  only  reported  occurrence  of  polybasite  is  from 
this  county.  Specimens  have  come  from  the  Pennsylvania  mine  in  the 
Silver  Mountain  district,  and  Hanks^^^  observed  it  in  microscopical 
crystals  from  the  Monitor  and  IMogul  districts. 


67.     DUFRENOYSITE. 

Sulpharsenite  of  lead,  PbjAs^So. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally   massive.     Color   dark   lead-gray.     Streak    red- 
dish brown.     Metallic  luster.     H=:3;   0  =  5.56. 

This  compound  of  lead  is  a  very  rare  mineral  and  its  existence  in 
California  is  somewhat  doubtful. 

Inyo  County :  Reported  to  have  been  found  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  dis- 
trict. Hanks^^). 


68.     PROUSTITE— Light    Ruby  Silver. 
Sulpharsenite  of  silver,  AgjAsS^. 

Ile.xagonal,   rhombohedral.     Prismatic  crystals   and   massive.     Color   and 
streak  scarlet-red.     Adamantine   luster.     11  =  2  —  2.5;   G  =  5.5. 

The  term  ""ruby  silver"  is  given  indiscriminately  to  proustite  and 
pyrargyrite.  Both  minerals  usually  contain  arsenic  and  antimony  and 
they  often  grade  into  each  other.     The  metallic  gray  pyrargrite  is  more 


56  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

common  than  the  transparent  red  pronstite,  but  the  two  are  often 
associated. 

Kern  County :  Specimens  of  proustite  with  pyrargyrite  have  been 
found  in  the  Amalie  mine. 

Mono  County :  Found  in  the  Oro  and  Bodie  mines,  Bodie  district, 
Hanks  (^^ 

Shasta  County :  Occurred  in  the  Chicago  mine  near  Igo,  associated 
with  galena,  pyrite  and  cpiartz. 


69.     ENARGITE. 

Sulpharseuite  of  copper,  CujAsS^. 

Orthorliombic.     Crystals  and  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.     Color 
grayish   black.     Streak   black.     Metallic   luster.     H  =  3;    G  =  4A. 

Enargite  is  a  valuable  but  not  a  common  copper  compound  in  the 
State.     Very  few  of  the  copper  districts  show  it  even  in  small  amounts. 

Famatinite  is  a  corresponding  sulphantimonite  of  copper  and  the 
enargite  of  Alpine  County  appears  to  grade  into  this  mineral. 

Alpine  County :  Enargite  was  found  in  large  masses  associated  with 
massive  pyrite  in  the  Mogul  district  and  formed  the  chief  copper 
mineral  of  the  Morning  Star  and  a  few  other  mines  of  this  locality.  An 
analysis  of  the  mineral  was  made  by  Root^^^  from  the  Morning  Star 
mine. 

S  Cu  As  Sb 

31.68         47.21         14.06         G.19         =99.14  per  cent 

Crystals  have  the  forms :  (110),  (001),  (100),  (010),  Silliman'S^  and 
(130),  (250),  (101),  Eakle(^). 

El  Dorado  County :  Some  enargite  was  found  in  the  Ford  mines  near 
Georgetown. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  57 

CHAPTER  IV. 

HALOIDS:  CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  IODIDES  AND 
FLUORIDES. 


Ch  lor  ides. 

Cerargerite 

Bromide. 

Calomel 

Chlormasnesite 

Embolite 

Halite 

Atacamite 

Iodide. 

Sylvite 

Eglestonite 

Coccinite 

Snl    Ammoniac 

Fluoride. 
Fluorite 

70.     CALOMEL. 

Chloride  of  mercury.  Hg^CL. 

Tetragonal.     Small    crystals.     Color    white,    gray,    brown.     Adamantine 
luster.     H  =  l  — 2;   G  =  6.4S. 

The  calomel  used  in  medicine  is  a  manufactured  product  as  the  nat- 
ural mineral  is  very  rare.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  clear  colorless 
crystals  of  a  brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  in  Avhite  crystalline  coat- 
ings, in  cinnabar  districts. 

Napa  County:  White  coatings  of  the  mineral  on  metacinnabarite 
occurred  at  the  Oat  Hill  mine. 

San  Mateo  County :  Small  amounts  of  calomel  associated  with  cinna- 
bar, native  mercury  and  eglestonite  occur  a))0ut  five  miles  Avest  of 
Palo  Alto,  Rogers<^> 


71.     HALITE— Rock    Salt. 
Chloride  of  sodium,  NaCl. 

Isometric.     Cubes  massive,  granular  and  crusts.     Cleavage  perfect  cubic. 
Color    white,    reddish    and    colorless.     Vitreous    luster.     H  =  2.5;    G  =  2.1."?. 

Most  of  the  salt  produced  in  the  State  is  obtained  by  the  evaporation 
of  the  water  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  yet  extensive  deposits  of  the  mineral 
exist  in  the  southern  counties  and  some  of  them  are  mined.  Salt  is  of 
very  common  occurrence  in  the  desert  regions,  where  former  lakes 
existed,  and  the  deposits  reach  considerable  thickness  in  some  localities, 
often  alternating  with  beds  of  sulphates,  l)orates,  carbonates  and  mud 
shales.  Salt  wells,  salt  springs,  salt  marshes,  and  salt  rivers  occur  in 
these  arid  plains  and  white  incrustations  of  salt  are  often  found  along 
their  borders. 

Alameda  County:  The  salt  works  at  Alvarado  evaporate  the  water  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  on  a  large  scale,  and  the  bulk  of  the  salt  produced 
in  the  State  is  obtained  by  this  method. 

Imperial  County:  Efflorescences  of  salt  on  the  dry  plains  of  the 
Great  Colorado  Desert  were  early  reported. 


58  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  Salt  is  common  in  the  dry  valleys  as  white  efflorescences 
and  in  solution  in  many  of  the  springs,  mai-shes  and  lakes  of  this  county. 
In  the  borax  district  of  Death  Valley  it  is  a  common  associate,  and  the 
bottom  of  this  valley  is  an  extensive  salt  marsh,  into  which  the  Amar- 
gosa  River  sinks.  The  waters  of  Owens  Lake  have  been  evaporated  for 
salt  and  soda. 

Kern  County:  In  the  Mojave  Desert  region  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  county,  numerous  salt  lakes  and  wells  occur.  The  alkaline  desert 
from  the  Kern  River  to  the  Caiiada  de  las  Uvas  is  impregnated  with 
salt.  Salt  and  borax  are  associated  at  the  Buckthorn,  Indian  and 
Mesquite  springs. 

Riverside  County :  The  well-known  Salton  Sea  is  an  extensive  depres- 
sion in  the  south  central  part  of  the  county  which  was  noted  for  its 
immense  deposits  of  white  salt  and  where  thousands  of  tons  have  been 
gathered.  It  is  now  covered  by  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  River  and 
the  salt  works  have  been  wholly  obliterated.  An  analysis  of  this  salt 
was  made  by  Allen^^^. 

NaCl  CLl       N00S04  Gypsum        H2O        Insol. 

94.54         0.31         3.53         0.79         0.14         0.50         =99.81   per   cent 

San  Bernardino  County:  Numerous  dry  lakes  exist  in  this  county, 
all  of  which  contain  salt.  Some  of  the  salt  near  Daggett  has  been 
mined  locally  for  chloridizing  the  silver  ores  of  the  district.  A  large 
lake  deposit  occurs  in  the  desert  about  twenty-live  miles  southeast  of 
Danby  and  the  Surprise  salt  mines  have  produced  large  quantities. 
Bailey*^^^  reports  a  vein  of  rock  salt  12  to  16  feet  thick  on  the  Avawatz 
Mountains.  Crusts  of  the  mineral  associated  with  sodium,  magnesium 
and  calcium  sulphate  occur  at  the  Mojave  sink.  Salt  and  borax  with 
some  nitrates  exist  along  the  Amargosa  River,  near  the  Inyo  County 
line. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Along  the  shores  of  the  Salinas  River 
white  crusts  of  salt  can  be  found  in  many  places.  The  Soda  Lake  in 
Carissa  Plains  is  a  dry  lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  the 
surface  contains  crusts  of  salt  and  sodium  sulphate. 

Shasta  County:  Sandstones  occur  on  Salt  Creek,  about  twelve  miles 
east  of  Redding,  which  are  slightly  impregnated  with  salt. 


72.     SYLVITE. 

Chloride  of  potassium,   KCl. 

Isometric.     Cubes    and    octahedrons ;    also    granular    massive.     Cleavage 
perfect  cubic.     Colorless  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2;G=:1.97 — 1.99. 

The  potassium  salt  is  sometimes  associated  with  the  sodium  salt,  but, 
unlike  the  sodium  chloride,  it  is  very  rare  and  no  deposits  of  it  occur  in 
the  State. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  59 

Inyo  County:  According  to  Bailey^^^  sylvite  occurs  in  traces  in  some 
of  the  springs  of  this  county.  Analyses  of  some  of  the  impure  salt 
covering  depressions  in  Death  Valley  show  low  percentages  of  potas- 
sium chloride. 


73.     SAL  AMMONIAC— Salmiac. 

Chloride    of   ammouium.    NH^CI. 

Isometric.     Ciystals,   cnists   aud    efflorescences.     Color   white,    yellowish. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;   G  =  1.53. 

Inyo  County:  According  to  Bailey'^i^  sal  ammoniac  is  found  as  efflo- 
rescences at  some  of  the  fissure  springs  in  Death  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County:  A  white  crystalline  incrustation  of  sal  ammo- 
niac was  found  in  the  Monterey  shale  of  Burning  Mountain,  Rogers^^^ 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Crusts  5  mm.  thick,  associated  with  sulphur, 
came  from  burning  oil-shales  on  the  Hope  Ranch,  Rogers*^^\ 


74.     CERARGYRITE— Hornsilver. 

Chloride  of  silver,  AgCl. 

Isometric.  Usually  in  thin  plates  aud  crusts.  Sometimes  massive. 
Color  gray  but  generally  tarnished  brown.  Highjy  sectile.  Waxy. 
H  =  1  —  1.5;  G  =  o.55. 

Cerargyrite  has  been  one  of  the  most  important  silver  minerals  of  the 
State.  It  is  characteristic  of  silver  deposits  located  in  arid  regions  and 
is  often  abundant  in  such  regions.  It  has  been  formed  in  general  by 
solutions  from  above  carrying  alkali  chlorides,  obtained  from  the  over- 
lying strata,  acting  on  the  silver  minerals  of  the  veins  and  forming 
solutions  of  silver  chloride,  froan  which  the  mineral  is  precipiitated  along 
fissures  and  in  cavities  of  the  gangue,  mostly  in  the  oxidized  zones  of 
the  deposit.  It  is  usually  accompanied  by  the  chlorobromide,  embolite, 
and  occasionally  by  the  iodide,  iodyrite.  Barite  is  a  common  gangue 
mineral. 

Inyo  County :  Hornsilver  with  argentiferous  galena,  argentite  and 
copper  minerals  has  been  found  abundant  in  the  Argus  and  Coso  ranges 
and  to  some  extent  in  the  Darwin  and  Cerro  Gordo  districts.  Hanks^^^ 
mentions  it  from  the  Slate  Range  and  in  microscopical  crystals  at  the 
Modoc  mine  near  Darwin. 

Kern  County :  The  rhineral  has  been  found  in  the  Amalie  mine  with 
pyrargyrite  and  native  silver. 

Mono  County:  Cerargyrite  has  l)eeii  found  in  the  Blind  Springs 
district  near  Benton  and  in  some  of  tiie  mines  of  the  Bodie  district,  but 
never  in  large  masses.      It  occurs  also  in  the  Sweetwater  Range. 


60  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Placer  County :  It  occurred  in  small  amounts  as  one  of  the  minerals 
in  the  Ophir  district,  on  Duncan  Hill,  Lindgren^^). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Hornsilver  has  been  a  very  important  silver 
mineral  in  the  Calico  and  Barstow  mines.  The  chloride,  together  with 
the  chlorobromide,  has  been  deposited  along  the  fault  planes  and  in 
the  numerous  fissures  of  brecciated  vein-rock  formed  by  much  faulting. 
The  minerals  associated  with  the  hornsilver  of  this  region  are  embo- 
lite,  cerrusite,  barite,  pyrolusite,  chrysoeolla,  malachite  and  jasper.  It 
occurs  with  limestone  associated  with  embolite,  wulfenite,  sphalerite, 
galena,  cerrusite  and  pyrite  in  the  Silver  Reef  district,  on  the  desert 
about  forty  miles  east  of  Victor.  It  is  associated  with  argentite  and 
secondary  from  it  at  the  Bonanza  King  mine  on  Providence  Mountain 
and  in  the  Imperial  mine.  Lava  Beds  district,  about  nine  miles  from 
Lavic.  Cerargyrite  was  reported  as  one  of  the  minerals  with  borax  at 
Searles  Lake,  but  the  locality  was  probably  Calico.  The  silver  deposits 
at  Calico  and  Barstow  have  been  fully  described  by  Liudgren'^^  and  by 
Storms  "^^^ 


75.     CHLOROMAGNESITE. 

Chloride  of  magnesium,   MgCl;. 
Efflorescence.     Color  white. 

Magnesium  chloride  exists  in  soluble  state  in  the  waters  of  some  of 
the  springs  and  lakes  but  its  easy  solubility  prevents  it  from  forming 
as  a  mineral  except  in  the  dryest  climate. 

San  Bernardino  County :  White  efflorescences  of  chloromagnesite 
occur  at  Saratoga  Springs,  near  the  southern  end  of  Death  Valley, 
Bailey^i). 


76.     ATACAMITE. 

Hydrous  oxichloride  of  copper,  CU2CIII3O3. 

Orthorhombic.     Slender    needles    and    fibrous    reticulated    masses.     Color 
deep  grass-green.     H=3  —  3.5;  G  =  3.7. 

Atacamite  is  a  very  rare  form  of  copper  and  its  occurrence  in  Cali- 
fornia has  not  been  definitely  established. 

Inyo  County :  J.  D.  Dana^^^  gives  this  mineral  from  an  unknown 
locality  in  this  county.  As  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine  was  the  best  known 
for  rare  minerals,  the  atacamite,  if  correctly  identified,  perhaps  came 
from  this  mine. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  61 

77.       EGLESTONITE. 

Oxicbloride  of  meicurj',   IlgiCLO. 

Isometric.     Minute  crystals.     Color  yellowish  brown,  changing  to  black. 
Resinous  to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  2  —  3;  G  =  S.327. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mercury  mineral  which  has  been  found  associated 
with  cinnabar,  metallic  mercury  and  calomel. 

San  Mateo  County :  Minute  yellow  crystals  of  eglestonite  occur  about 

five  miles  west  of  Palo  Alto  in  seams  and  cavities  in  the  silicious  material 

so  common  in  the  serpentine  of  the  cinnabar  districts,  and  the  crystals 

were  described  by  Rogers'^'.     Forms:  cube   (100),  octahedron   (111), 

rhombicdodecahedron  (110),  and  trapezohedron  (211). 

Hg  ci 

88.00  7.43 

The  mineral  was  associated  with  cinnabar,  mercury,  calomel,  dolo- 
mite, magnesite,  opal  and  quartz. 


78.     EMBOLITE. 

Chlorobromide  of  silver,  Ag   (Br,   CI) 

Isometric.     Generally   massive.     Color   green.     Resinous   luster. 
H  =  1  —  1.5  ;  G  =  5.31  —  5.43. 

The  greenish  eml)olite  has  only  been  found  in  association  with  cer- 
argyrite  and  in  much  smaller  amounts. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  cerargyrite  in  the  Indiana  mine  near 
Swansea,  Hanks^^\ 

]\Iono  County:  In  the  ^Minnie  mine,  Sweetwater  Range,  with  horn- 
silver,  Hanks^^\ 

San  Bernardino  County :  An  associate  of  the  cerargyrite  in  the 
Calico,  Grapevine  and  Silver  Reef  districts.  One  of  the  minerals  re- 
ported with  l)orax  at  Searles  Lake,  probalily,  however,  from  the  Calico 
district. 


79.     COCCINITE. 
Iodide  of  mercury,   Mgl.         . 
Thin  coatings.     Color  reddish  brown. 

Traces  of  iodine  have  been  found  in  some  of  tiie  springs  of  the  State, 
but  the  occurrence  of  any  iodide  is  (|uestionable. 

Kern  County:  This  rare  reddish  brown  iodide  is  said  to  have  lieen 
found  with  stibnite  in  the  San  Emidio  Canyon,  J.  D.  Dana^^\ 


62  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

80.     FLUORITE. 

Fluoride   of   calcium,   CaFo. 

Isometric.  Usually  in  cubes.  Also  massive,  granular  or  compact. 
Cleavage  perfect  octahedral.  Colorless,  green,  yellow,  purple,  blue,  white. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4;   G=3.2. 

Fluorite  is  a  common  mineral,  especially  as  gangue  in  lead  districts 
with  galena.  It  sometimes  forms  thick  veins  and  becomes  important 
as  a  tlux.     No  good  deposits  are  known  in  the  State. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Small  cubes  of  white  fluorite  were  found  on 
Mount  Diablo  with  some  copper  minerals,  Hanks^^^ 

Inyo  County:  Found  as  a  gangue  mineral  with  argentiferous  galena 
in  the  Cerro  Gordo,  Darwin  and  other  districts. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Fine  specimens  have  come  from  the  Felix  mine 
near  Azusa,  consisting  of  purple  and  green  masses  and  cubes.  White 
fluorite  occurred  on  Santa  Catalina  Island  with  galena  and  chalcopyrite. 

Mono  County :  In  the  Ferris  Canyon  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Sweet- 
water Mountains  green  and  violet  crystals  and  masses  occur. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  63 


CHAPTER  V. 


OXIDES  OF  HYDROGEN,  SILICON  AND  SEMI-METALS. 


Hydrogen. 

Sf  nii-nictals. 

Water 

Arsenolite 

Silicon. 

Valentinite 

Quartz 

Bismite 

Chalcedony 

Molybdite 

Tridymite 

Cervautite 

Opal 

Stibiconite 

Stil)ioferrite 

Partzite 

Stetefeldtite 

81.     WATER. 
Oxide  of  hydrogen,  H„0. 
Hexagonal   when   solid,   as   ice.     Colorless.     Brittle.     H^l.ii;    G  =  0.916. 

The  mineral  springs  of  California  are  very  numerous  and  of  a  great 
variety.  Many  of  them  have  a  reputed  medicinal  value  and  have 
become  popular  health  resorts. 

Thermal  springs  are  common  and  many  of  them  represent  the  linger- 
ing remnant  of  a  former  volcanic  activity  of  the  region.  Some  owe 
their  origin  to  the  heat  developed  by  decomposition  of  sulphides  and 
other  mineral  bodies  below,  in  the  courses  of  the  underground  waters. 
These  springs  are  usually  strongly  sulphurous  as  well  as  hot. 

The  salts  most  commonly  found  in  the  spring  waters  of  the  State  are 
the  carbonates,  sulphates  and  chlorides  of  magnesium,  sodium,  calcium 
and  iron.  Traces  of  boron  are  found  in  man^^  and  in  some  localities 
like  Clear  Lake,  Lake  Count}-,  and  the  desert  regions  of  Inyo  and  San 
Bernardino  counties,  boracic  acid  has  been  an  abundant  ingredient. 

Some  of  the  lakes  are  also  strongly  saturated  with  salts,  and  Mono 
Lake  and  Owens  Lake  are  noted  for  the  large  percentage  of  solid  con- 
tents of  their  waters,  mostly  sodium  bicarbonate. 

Stream  waters  are  purest  in  granitic  regions,  less  pure  and  harder  in 
limestone  regions,  and  quite  impure  and  strongly  alkaline  in  the  arid 
regions. 


82.     QUARTZ— Silica. 
Oxide  of  silicon,   SiO^. 

Hexagonal,  rhorabohodral.  Hexagonal  prisms  with  pyramids  very 
common  and  sometimes  large.  Compact  and  granular  massive.  Promi- 
nent conchoidal  fracture.  Colorless,  white,  yellow,  red-brown,  etc. 
Optically   positive.     Vitreous   luster.     H  =  7;    G  =  2.(J."i. 

Silica  constitutes  about  tliree  fifths  of  the  solid  crust  of  the  earth; 
conseijuently  (piartz  aiul  chalcedony  and  their  varieties  are  exceedingly 


64  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

connuon  minerals.  It  is  usual  to  class  under  (juartz  those  forms  of 
silica  which  are  phenocrystalline,  that  is,  those  with  a  distinct  crystal- 
line structure,  and  under  chalcedony  those  forms  which  are  crypto- 
erystalline,  that  is,  those  so  finely  crystalline  that  they  appear  non- 
crystalline except  under  the  microscope.  Under  each  of  these  two 
mineral  species  are  grouped  many  varieties  based  generally  on  color 
and  structure. 

Common  quartz  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granites,  granodiorites, 
quartz-porphyries,  rhyolites,  gneisses,  schists,  quartzites  and  sandstones 
and  is  an  accessory  mineral  in  many  other  kinds  of  rock,  either  vol- 
canic, metamorphic  or  sedimentary.  Veins,  ledges,  seams  and  pockety 
masses  of  white  quartz  are  common  in  volcanic  and  metamorphic 
areas  and  much  of  it  in  California  is  gold-hearing.  In  ordinary  rock 
decomposition  silica  remains  as  a  residual  product,  as  it  is  practically 
unattacked  by  the  usual  weathering  agencies. 

Rock  crystal  is  the  clear  colorless  variety  which  is  seldom  to  be  found 
except  as  hexagonal  crystals.  Fine  large  groups  of  these  crystals  are 
frequently  found  in  the  mines. 

Amethyst  is  the  variety  colored  violet  by  manganese  or  possibly 
titanium.  It  also  occurs  in  groups  of  crystals,  being  rarely  massive. 
Very  little  good  amethyst  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Rose  quartz  is  a  massive  variety  colored  pink  by  manganese.  Some 
very  deep  colored  rose  quartz  has  been  found. 

Smoky  quartz  or  Cainngorm  stone  is  the  hair-brown  transparent 
variety,  also  in  crystals,  the  color  being  due  to  carbonaceous  material. 
The  color  is  readily  discharged  or  converted  into  citrine-yellow  by  heat 
and  much  of  the  so-called  "false  topaz"  has  been  made  in  this  way. 
This  is  a  very  common  variety  and  some  excellent  large  crystals  have 
been  found  in  the  State. 

Inclusions  of  other  minerals  in  quartz  are  very  common  and  have 
several  varietal  names. 

Phantoyn  crystals  show  the  outlines  of  one  crystal  within  another,  due 
to  inclusions  of  green  chloritic  matter  or  brownish  earthy  material 
arranged  about  the  boundaries  of  the  forming  crystal  during  a  stage  in 
its  growth.  Some  fine  phantom  crystals  have  come  from  near  Placer- 
ville. 

Sagoiite  or  rutilated  (juartz  is  rock  crystal  pierced  by  long  red  needles 
of  rutile.     No  good  sagenite  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Thetis  hairstone  is  rcick  crystal  containing  long  hair-like  fibers  of 
asbestos  or  actinolite. 

Aventurine  is  glassy  (piartz  speckled  with  flakes  of  hematite  or  brown 
mica.     Good  aventurine  is  very  uncommon. 

Alpine  County :  Fine  specimens  of  rose  quartz  have  been  found  in 
Hope  Valley  and  in  the  Mogul  and  Monitor  districts. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  65 

Amador  county :  Fine  large  specimens  of  rock  crystal  have  come 
from  Volcano  and  Oleta.  This  section  has  also  produced  good  speci- 
mens of  amethyst,  smoky  and  rose  quartz.  Thetis  liairstone  has  been 
found  at  Oleta. 

Butte  County :  Smoky  (juartz  occurs  on  the  North  Fork  of  Feather 
River. 

Calaveras  County :  Good  rock  crystal  in  tine  hirge  aggregates  have 
been  found  in  many  of  the  gold  mines.  Mokelumne  Hill,  Green 
Mountain  gravel  mine  near  Murphy,  Angels  and  West  Point  have  pro- 
duced large  crystals. 

El  Dorado  County:  Rock  crystal,  phantom  crystals  and  smoky  quartz 
have  come  from  near  Placerville,  which  are  the  best  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County:  Good  rock  crystal  has  been  found  in  the  Cerro  Gerdo 
and  Darwin  districts. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Thetis  hairstone  has  l)een  found  near  Los 
Angeles. 

Mariposa  Country :  Fine  rock  crystal  occurs  at  Mount  Bullion. 

Mono  County:  Rock  crystal,  amethyst  and  tabular  drusy  quartz 
have  come  from  the  Bodie  district. 

Napa  County :  Good  rock  crystal  occurs  near  Calistoga. 

Nevada  County :  Good  specimens  of  rock  crystal  are  often  found  at 
Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City. 

Placer  County:  Quartz  containing  green  chlorite  is  found  at  Shady 
Run.     Rock  crystal  occurs  in  the  Ophir  district. 

Plumas  County:  Rock  crystal  from  the  Granite  Basin.  Some  deep 
colored  rose  quartz  has  come  from  Meadow  Valley. 

Riverside  County :  Rock  crystal,  smoky  quartz  and  pink  quartz  in 
fine  large  crystal  are  associated  with  the  gem  tourmaline  at  Coahuila. 

Sacramento  County:  Rock  crystal  is  found  at  Folsom. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Quartz  with  rutile  needles  has  lieeu  found 
in  the  San  Bernardino  Range. 

San  Diego  County  :  Ex(;ellent  specimens  of  rock  crystals,  smoky  quartz 
and  pink  (|uartz  are  associated  with  the  green  and  pink  tourmaline  of  the 
county.  Large  groups  of  crystals  and  single  crystals  of  them  of  a  deep 
rose  color  occur  in  the  pegmatite  veins  which  carry  the  tourmaline,  some 
at  Pala,  Mesa  Grande  and  Rincon.  Rock  crystal  with  long  and  almost 
black  needles  of  tourmaline  occur  at  Pala.  Crystals  from  Pala  and 
Rincon  have  the  forms:  (3031),  (4041),  (5051),  (1121),  (3141), 
(4151),  (5161),  Waring(i). 

Sierra  County:  Yellow  or  citrine  quai-tz  has  been  found  on  Bald 
Mountain. 

Tulare  County :  Rock  crystal  occurs  at  Three  Rivers  and  in  Drum 
Valley. 

Rose  quartz  is  found  at  Bull  Run  Meatlows  ami  at  Vokohl. 
5— S560 


66  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

83.     CHALCEDONY. 
Silicon  dioxide,   SiOj. 

The  chalcedonic  forms  of  silica  are  never  transparent,  but  occur  in 
dense  cryptocrystalline  masses  and  layers,  translucent  to  opaque,  and 
without  crystal  form.  Hot  solutions,  especially  alkaline  solutions,  act- 
ing on  silicious  rocks  dissolve  some  of  the  silica  and  this  is  deposited 
in  layers  along  the  walls  of  cavities,  or  completely  fills  cavities,  forming 
geodes  and  irregular  shaped  masses,  with  often  a  banded  structure. 
Many  of  the  large  masses  of  chalcedony  and  jasper  have  been  formed 
by  deposition  from  springs,  whose  waters  contain  soluble  silica.  Chal- 
cedony is  a  very  common  secondary  filling  of  cavities  and  fissures  in 
volcanic  rock,  and  may  form  large  geodes  in  this  way.  There  are  many 
names  given  to  the  varieties  of  cryptocrystalline  silica  which  may  be 
classed  under  the  head  of  chalcedony,  most  of  them  based  on  color  or 
structure.  They  include  chalcedony,  agate,  carnelian,  sard,  prase, 
heliotrope  or  hloodstonc,  chrysoprase,  onyx,  sardonyx,  jasper  and  flint, 
all  of  which  may  be  found  in  the  State.  Ordinary  silicified  wood  and 
agatized  wood  are  silicious  pseudomorphs  after  wood. 

Myrickite  is  a  local  name  applied  to  a  chalcedony,  having  blood-red 
spots  and  patches,  found  about  fifteen  miles  east  of  Indian  Springs, 
San  Bernardino  County. 

Kinradite  is  a  local  name  given  to  a  spherulitic  jasper  occurring  on 
the  shores  of  Golden  Gate. 

Alameda  County :  Small  geodes  of  chalcedony  are  common  in  the 
Berkeley  Hills. 

Alpine  County:  Red  jasper  is  common  in  the  Monitor  district. 

Amador  County :  Bluish  chalcedony  occurs  at  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Red,  green  and  brown  jasper  is  found  near 
Murphy.     Silicified  wood  at  Angels. 

Del  Norte  County:  Agate,  chalcedony  and  jasper  pebbles  are  com- 
mon beach  pebbles  at  Crescent  City. 

Humboldt  County :  The  beach  pebbles  at  Big  Lagoon  are  agate,  chal- 
cedony, jasper,  prase,  carnelian,  etc. 

Inyo  County:  Porcelain  jasper  has  been  found  in  the  Coso  district. 

Kern  County :  Blue  chalcedony  occurs  at  Kane  Springs. 

Marin  County :  The  beach  pebbles  at  Bolinas  have  agate  and  chal- 
cedony. Red  jasper  outcrops  on  Reed  Ranch.  Spherulitic  jasper, 
called  "kinradite,"  occurs  on  shore  west  of  Sausalito. 

Napa  County :  Red  jasper  is  found  on  Mount  St.  Helena.  Chal- 
cedony is  common  at  the  Manhattan  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  67 

Nevada  County:  Brown  jasper  occurs  at  Nevada  City.  The  beach 
pebbles  at  Lake  Tahoe  contain  chalcedony,  agate,  jasper,  carnelian, 
prase,  etc.     Good  moss  agate  is  found  near  Indian  Flat. 

Placer  County :  Fine  geodal  masses  of  chalcedony  have  been  found 
at  the  Spanish  mine.  Ophir  district. 

Plumas  County:  Banded  green  and  red  jasper  occurs  in  the  slates 
and  schists  west  of  Meadow  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Moss  agate  has  come  from  the  San  Ber- 
nardino Mountains.  Bluish  chalcedony  is  associated  with  opal  in  the 
Black  Mountains  north  of  Barstow.  Bloodstone  and  chalcedony  with 
blood-red  spots,  called  ' '  myrickite ' '  is  found  about  fifteen  miles  east  of 
Indian  Springs. 

San  Francisco  County :  Red,  green  and  brown  jasper  is  common  in 
the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco.  Spherulitic  jasper  called  "kinradite" 
is  found  near  Land's  End. 

San  Mateo  County :  The  beach  pebbles  at  Pescadero  contain  fine 
specimens  of  chalcedony,  agate,  carnelian,  jasper,  etc. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  The  beach  pebbles  of  this  county  contain 
agate  and  chalcedony. 

Siskiyou  County :  Jasper  is  common  with  the  numerous  serpentine 
beds. 

Sonoma  County:  Red  jasper  is  found  at  Windsor. 

Tulare  County :  Fine  moss  agate  occurs  on  Deer  Creek.  Chrysoprase 
is  found  in  the  mountains  east  of  Visalia,  on  Deer  Creek  and  at 
Yocohl. 

Tuolumne  County :  Yellow  and  brown  jasper  occurs  at  Shaws  Flat, 


84.     TRIDYMITE. 
Uxide  of  silicon,  SiOj 

Hexagonal.     Thin  plates  often  overlapping.     Colorless  to  white.     11  =  7; 
0  =  2.28  —  2.33. 

Tridymite  is  a  form  of  silica  which  is  found  in  recent  volcanic  rocks. 
It  occurs  in  thin  and  often  overlapping  hexagonal  plates,  crystallizing 
as  a  secondary  mineral  in  the  cavities  and  fissures  of  the  rock.  The 
mineral  is  generally  of  microscopic  size  and  therefore  is  rarely  seen, 
except  in  thin  sections  of  rocks.  As  a  rock  mineral  it  may  occur  in  all 
of  the  recent  voleanics. 

Mono  County :  Observed  in  the  cavities  of  lava  as  small  hexagonal 
plates,  near  Bridgeport,  with  the  forms:  (0001),  (lOlO),  (32o0), 
(5490),  (3034),  (1012),  Schaller^e). 

Tuolumne  County:  Found  by  Rogers^^^  in  cavities  of  an  andesite 
near  Jamestown.     Occurs  as  very  thin,  white  hexagonal  plates. 


68  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

85.     OPAL. 

Il.vdi'ous   oxide  of  silicon,    SiO../(lLO. 

Amorphous.  Colloidal  massive.  Prominent  conchoidal  fracture.  Yellow 
brown,  green,  red,  white,  gray  and  colorless.  Waxy  luster.  H=z5.5  —  6.5 
of  compact  varieties.     G  =  2.1  —  2.2. 

Opal  differs  from  clialcedony  in  being  Miiolly  amorphous,  somewhat 
softer  and  containing  a  varying  percentage  of  water.  It  is  silica  which 
has  solidified  from  a  colloidal  state.  It  fills  cavities  and  seams  in  many 
different  kinds  of  rock  and  is  a  very  common  form  of  silica. 

Precious  opal  shows  a  beautiful  play  of  colors  and  very  little  of  this 
variety  has  been  found  in  the  State. 

Common  opal  is  the  white,  yellow,  brown,  bluish  or  greenish  masses 
with  no  opalescence,  having  a  prominent  choncoidal  fracture.  The 
occurrence  of  this  kind  is  quite  universal. 

Hyalite  is  transparent  glassy  opal  occasionally  found  in  the  cavities 
of  volcanic  rock. 

Cacholong  is  a  pearl-like  opal. 

Chrysopal  or  prase  opal  is  a  name  applied  to  a  greenish  opal  found 
with  chrysoprase. 

3Ioss  opal  is  common  opal  with  moss-like  inclusions  of  pyrolusite. 
chlorite,  etc. 

Wood  opal  is  very  abundant  in  the  State,  especially  in  the  foothills 
of  the  Sierras,  where  whole  forests  have  been  covered  by  the  great 
thickness  of  gravel.  Masses  of  wood  opal  are  sometimes  white,  but 
usually  light  to  dark  brown  in  color.  The  structure  of  the  wood  is 
often  so  well  preserved  that  the  species  can  be  identified. 

Geyserite  and  silicious  sinter  are  names  applied  to  hydrous  silica 
formed  about  the  vents  of  geysers  and  hot  springs. 

Diatomcccous  earth,  infusorial  earth  and  tripolite  are  names  applied 
to  deposits  of  silica  formed  by  fresh  or  salt  water  diatoms.  The  waters 
of  the  lakes  during  Tertiary  time  swarmed  with  infusoria  which 
secreted  silica  and  their  silica  remains  have  formed  thick  and  extensive 
deposits  of  white  and  very  light  chalk-like  material. 

Alpine  County :  Wood  opal  occurs  at  Red  Lake  Peak. 

Amador  County :  Wood  opal  at  Volcano.  Diatomaceous  earth  in 
lone  Valley. 

Butte  County :  Wood  opal  at  Dodson  mine. 

Calaveras  County :  Common  and  hyalite  opal  has  been  found  at 
Mokelumne  Hill.  Wood  opal  at  Chile  Gulch,  Bald  Hill,  Angels  and 
other  mining  caiiips. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Hyalite  and  common  opal  has  been  found  on 
Mount  Diablo. 

Fresno  County :  Dendritic  or  moss  opal  has  come  from  the  moun- 
tains east  of  Fresno. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  69 

Kern  County :  AVliite  opal  is  found  on  the  summit  of  Tehaehapi 
mountain. 

Lake  County :  Fiorite  opal  has  been  found  at  Sulphur  Bank.  Hyalite 
has  come  from  Middletown  and  Kelse\nnlle.  Diatomaceous  earth  occurs 
on  Lost  Spring  Ranch. 

Lassen  County :  Wood  opal  is  found  in  Surprise  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  at  Santa  Monica  and  on 
Santa  Catalina  Island. 

Plumas  County :  Wood  opal  in  Gravel  Range. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Opal  occurs  in  the  Black  Mountains  about 
25  miles  north  of  Barstow,  some  of  which  is  good  gem  material  and  is 
worked.  Most  of  it  is  common  opal  with  chalcedony.  Some  clear 
hyalite  occurs  with  it. 

San  Diego  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  has  come  from  about  forty 
miles  north  of  San  Diego. 

San  Francisco  County :  Nodular  masses  of  common  opal  occur  in  the 
serpentine  of  San  Francisco. 

San  Joaquin  County:  Diatomaceous  earth  is  found  on  Staple's 
Ranch. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  occurs  near  Port  Har- 
ford, near  Arroya  Grande  and  near  Edna. 

San  Mateo  County:  Diatomaceous  earth  at  San  Gregorio. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  A  large  deposit  of  diatomaceous  earth  occurs 
at  Lompoc.  Also  on  south  slope  of  Santa  Ynez  Mountains  and  near 
Santa  Barbara. 

Mono  County :  Diatonuiceous  earth  has  come  from  near  Bodie. 

Monterey  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  from  near  Bradley.  The 
Monterey  shales  grade  into  pure  diatomaceous  earth. 

Napa  County :  Wood  opal  in  large  trees  occurs  in  the  fossil  forest  near 
Calistoga. 

Nevada  County :  AVood  opal  at  Chalk  Bluflf,  Nevada  City,  North 
Bloomfield,  and  Shelly  Hill.  Masses  of  moss  opal  are  found  at  New- 
town. 

Orange  county:  Diatomaceous  earth  around  Allison  Creek  south  of 
El  Toro. 

Placer  County:  Wood  opal  at  Gold  Run  and  near  Roseville.  Dia- 
tomaceous earth  at  Dutch  Flat. 

San  Diego  County:  Thin  coatings  of  glassy  hyalite  occur  on  the 
(piartz  and  albite  at  Rincon,  Rogers'^'. 

Shasta  County:  Diatomaceous  earth  is  found  in  extensive  beds  along 
the  Pitt  River  and  on  Hat  Creek. 

Sierra  County:  Wood  opal  has  come  from  Dowiiievine. 

Siskiyou  County:   Fii-c  oj^al  luis  Ix'cii  found  ncfir  Duusiiiuir. 


70  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Sonoma  County :  Wood  opal  near  Santa  Rosa ;  diatomaceous  earth 
about  ten  miles  north  of  Petaluma;  geyserite  at  the  Geysers. 

Tehama  County :  Diatomaceous  earth  near  Lassen  Butte.  Probably 
is  volcanic  tuflf. 

Tulare  County:  Wood  opal  in  Kings  River  Canyon.  Diatomaceous 
earth  near  Exeter.  Chrysopal  or  prase  opal  is  a  nickel  green  opal 
found  with  chrysoprase  in  hills  east  of  Visalia  and  Porterville. 

Tuolumne  County :  Wood  opal  has  been  found  near  Columbia. 


.86.     ARSENOLITE— White  arsenic. 

'    .  Oxide  of  arsenic,  As.Oj. 

Isometric,  commonly  fibrous  crusts  and  earthy.     Color  white.     Silky  or 
vitreous   luster.     H  =  1.5;   G=3.7.     Taste   sweet.     Astringent. 

The  white  oxide  of  arsenic  is  readily  obtained  by  heating  any  arsenic 
compound  but  it  is  not  very  common  native. 

Alpine  County :  Found  as  an  alteration  of  enargite  at  the  Exchequer 
mine. 

Small  white  octahedrons  occur  in  the  pyrite  and  enargite  associated 
with  realgar  at  the  Monitor  mine. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Large  masses  occurred  with  gold  at  the 
Amargosa  mine,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 


87.     VALENTINITE. 

Trioxide  of  antimony,   SboOn. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally    columnar    masses.     Perfect    brachypinacoidal 
cleavage.     Color  snow-white   to   ash-gray.     H  =  2.5;    G  =  5.56. 

Valentinite  is  an  oxidation  product  of  antimony  minerals,  especially 
of  stibnite. 

San  Benito  County:  Lemon-yellow  bladed  aggregates  of  valentinite, 
probably  pseudomorphs  after  stibnite,  occur  at  the  Picahotes  mine 
associated  with  cinnabar,  quartz  and  chalcedony,  Rogers^^^ 


88.     BISMITE— Bismuth  Ocher. 
Oxide  of  bismuth,   BijOj. 

Orthorhombic.     Commonly  occurs  as  an  earthy  coating.     Color  yellow  to 
gray.     G  =  4.3G. 

Bismite  occurs  generally  as  a  yellowish  powder  or  coating  on  bismuth 
minerals,  especially  native  bismuth. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  71 

Mono  County :  Found  at  Lone  Pine. 

San  Diego  County :  Bismuth  ocher  was  found  as  a  yellow  and  gray 
powder  with  native  bismuth  at  Pala,  Kunz'^^^  This  powder  is,  accord- 
ing to  Schaller^^),  in  part  bismuth  hydroxide,  ])ismuth  vanadate  and 
mixtures  of  these  two.  An  analysis  of  the  yellow  oeher  from  the 
Stewart  mine  showed  it  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  hydroxide  and  the 
vanadate. 

Gang  HoO 

Bi-.O::      V..O5  Sol.  In  HNO3    Insol.  in  HNO3     107°        210°      Ign. 
64.43     12.11         2.27  17.G3  0.32       0.224     3.43     =100.43  per  cent 

An  analysis  of  the  gray  ocher  from  the  Stewart  mine  showed  it  to  be 
probably  bismuth  hydroxide  with  the  formula  Bi.Oy.3HoO. 

Gang  H2O 

BioOa     ViOr,     Sol.  in  HNO3     Insol.  in  HNO3     107°     240°     Ign. 
64.9       O.s  9.r.  13.5  0.4       0.3     11.4  =100.8    per    cent 

An  analysis  of  the  yellow  ocher  from  the  Pala  Chief  mine  showed  it  to 
be  the  bismuth  vanadate,  pucherite. 

Yellow  bismite  in  small  irregular  particles  and  minute  tabular  crystals 
with  the  forms  (100)  and  (Oil)  occur  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon, 
Rogers^  2^ 


89.     MOLYBDITE— Molybdic  Ocher. 
O-xide  of  molybdenum,   M0O3. 
Capillary    crystals    in    radiating    tufts    and   earthy.     Color   straw-yellow. 
H  =  l  — 2';  G  =  4.5. 

Molj^bdite  occurs  as  a  yellow  powder  or  as  small  radiating  tufts  as  a 
secondary  alteration  product  of  molybdenite.  Most  of  the  localities 
given  for  molybdenite  will  show  some  of  the  yellow  oxide. 

Mono  County :  Occurs  with  molybdenite  at  Cameron  and  at  Silverado 
Creek,  Whiting<i). 

Nevada  County:  Occurred  mixed  with  limonite  at  the  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois  claim,  Nevada  City. 

Tuolumne  County:  Found  in  some  of  the  rocks  on  the  Stanislaus 
River. 


90.     CERVANTITE— Antimony   Ocher. 
Oxide    of   antimony,    SIkO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually    as    a    crust    or    powder.     Sometimes    ma-ssive. 
Color  yellow.     H  =  4  — .",;   G  =  4.08. 

Cervantite  usually  occurs  as  a  yellowish  crust  or  powder  as  an  oxida- 
tion product  on  stibnite. 

Inyo  County:  Found  massive  yellow  at  llie  Lottie  min<',  Wild  Rose 
district  and  at  the  St.  Ignacio  mine. 


72  STATE    MINING    BUREAT. 

Kern  County :  Occurred  associated  with  stihnite  at  the  San  Emidio 
mine. 


91.     STIBICONITE. 

Hydrous  oxide  of  antimonj%  Sb^OiHoO. 

Massive  or  as  a  crust  or  poAvder.     Color  yellowish  white.     H  =  4  —  5.5; 
G  =  5.1  — 5.28. 

Occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  stihnite  or  native  antimony  in 
massive  crusts  or  powder,  of  a  yellowish  white  color.  It  is  the  common 
oxidation  of  antimony  minerals. 

Kern  County:  Found  with  native  antimony  at  Little  Caliente 
Springs. 

San  Benito  County :  Occurs  with  stihnite  at  some  of  the  mines  of  the 
northeast  part  of  the  county. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  with  stihnite  at  some  of  the  mines  of  the 
county. 

92.     STIBIOFERRITE. 

Plydrous  oxide  of  antimony   and   iron. 
Amorphous.     Color  straw-yellow.     Resinous   luster.     H  =  4;   G=3.6. 

This  oxide  was  found  as  a  thick  coating  on  stihnite  from  Santa  Clara 
County  and  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Goldsmitli^*\  The 
analysis  of  the  substance  suggests  that  it  was  a  mixture  of  stibiconite 
and  silicious  limonite  and  not  a  new  mineral. 

SboOs  FeoOs  HoO  SiOo  Ign. 

42.46  31.85  15.26  8.84  1.09 


93.     PARTZITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  antimony,  copper  and  other  bases. 
Massive.     Color  blackish   green   to   black.     H=3  —  4;    G  =  3.8. 

Blackish  green  to  black  masses  occurring  in  the  oxidation  zone  in  the 
mines  of  the  Blind  Springs  district. 

Stc'tefeldtitf  is  similar  to  partzite  with  more  silver. 

Mono  County :  Found  in  the  Kerrick,  Comanche,  Diana  and  Comet 
mines  of  the  Blind  Springs  district  and  described  as  a  new  mineral  and 
analysed  by  Arents'^>.  Considered,  however,  by  W.  P.  Blake^^^)  ^q  \)q 
a  mechanical  mixture  of  the  hydrous  oxide  of  antimony  with  other 
metallic  bases. 

SbaOs  CuoO        AgoO  PbO         FeO  Hod 

47.65         32.11         6.12         2.01         2.33         8.29         =98.51    per    cent 

A  specimen  labeled  stetefeldtite  has  come  from  the  Giant  mine. 


MINERALS    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


73 


CHAPTER  VI. 


OXIDES  OF  THE  METALS. 


Anhydrous. 
Cuprite 
Melaconite 
Corundum 
Hematite 
Ilmenite 
Spinel 
Magnetite 
Chromite 
Cassiterite 


Rutile 

Anatase 

Brookite 

Chrysoberyl 

ILiusmaunite 

Minium 

Crednerite 

Braunite 

I'yrolusite 


Hydrous. 
Manganite 
Gcitbite 
Limonite 
Bauxite 
Brucite 
Sassolite 
Psilomelane 
Asbolite 
Wad 


94.     CUPRITE— Red    Copper. 
Red  oxide  of  copper,   CuoO. 

Isometric.  Small  cubes  and  octahedrons.  Generally  massive.  Color  red. 
Streak  brownish  red.  Adamantine  to  submetallic  luster.  11  =  3.")  —  4. 
G  =  5.99. 

Cuprite  occurs  in  most  of  the  copper  localities  as  a  secondary  mineral 
in  the  oxidized  portions  of  the  deposits.  Massive  specimens  have  come 
from  various  counties  but  no  large  bodies  of  the  mineral  are  known. 
It  is  an  important  ore  of  copper. 

Alameda  County :  Massive  specimens  have  been  found  near  Liver- 
more. 

Amador  County :  At  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County:  Masses  are  occasionally  found  at  Copperopolis 
and  Campo  Seco,  associated  with  the  chalcopyrite.  ]\Ientioned  by 
Silliman<5)  from  Quail  Hill. 

Colusa  County:  Found  at  the  old  Candace  and  Union  mines.  The 
capillary  variety  cliaUotrirhih  with  massive  cui)rite  was  found  in  the 
Lion  mine. 

Del  Norte  County:  Masses  willi  native  copper  found  at  the  Pearl 
copper  mine.     Common  in  the  Rockland  district. 

Glenn  County:  At  L'Honuue. 

Kern  County:  Found  on  the  old  San  Emidio  Kaneli. 

Mono    County:  ^lassive    at    the    Eclipse,    Keri-ielx    and    ^lammoth. 
mines.     Also  near  Lundy  with  cera!'gy)'ite  and  chrysdcolla. 

Napa  County:  Found  near  Calistoga  and  St.  Helena,  some  of  it  the 
chaleotrichite  variety. 

Nevada  County :  At  Meadow  Tjake. 

Placer  County:  Massive  near  Lincoln. 

Plumas  County:  in  Liglil  's  Canyon.  Willi  native  silver  at  the  Poca- 
hontas mine.   Indian   \'alle\'. 


74  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Massive  in  Holcombe  Valley.  Common  at 
the  Copper  World  mine,  Clarke  Mountain. 

Shasta  County :  Massive  pieces  have  been  found  at  the  Peck,  After- 
thought, Copper  City  and  other  inines  of  this  county. 

Trinity  County :  Massive  at  Trinity  Center. 

Tulare  County :  In  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Tuolumne  County:  At  Whiskey  Hill,  Silliman^^). 


95.     MELACONITE — Tenorite — Black   Copper. 

Oxide  of  copper,  CuO. 

Monoclinic.     Generally     as     an     earthy     powder.     Color     black.     Streak 
black.     Submetallic  luster.     H  =  3  —  4  ;  G  =  5.82. 

The  black  oxide  of  copper  is  a  frecjuent  oxidation  product  of  chal- 
copyrite,  forming  a  black  powder  or  nodular  masses.  It  occurs  in  many 
more  localities  than  what  can  be  given  here. 

Calaveras  County :  Rather  common  with  the  chalcopyrite  of  Copper- 
opolis  and  Campo  Seco.  Large  nodular  masses  have  come  from  the 
Satellite  mine. 

Colusa  County :  Found  in  serpentine  with  native  copper  and  cuprite 
at  the  Gray  Eagle  mine. 

Del  Norte  County :  With  the  chalcopyrite  at  the  Alta  and  Pearl 
mines. 

Nevada  County :  At  the  Excelsior  mine. 

Shasta  County:  At  the  Afterthought  and  other  chalcopyrite  mines 
of  this  countv. 


96.     CORUNDUM. 
Oxide   of   aluminium,   ALOo. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Prismatic  crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage 
rhomboliedral.  Color  generally  bluish  gray ;  also  blue,  green,  yellow  and 
red.     Vitreous   luster.     H  =  9;   G=3.95  — 4.10. 

Corundum-bearing  rocks  are  very  rare  in  the  State  and  no  workable 
deposits  of  this  Tiseful  mineral  are  known.  In  the  few  localities  where 
it  occurs  it  exists  in  very  limited  quantities.  The  gem  varieties,  ruby 
^and  sapphire,  have  not  been  found  in  good  clear  crystals. 

Los  Angeles  County:  The  first  mention  of  corundum  in  the  State 
was  of  some  sapphire-blue  pebbles  found  in  the  drift  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisquito  Pass,  W.  P.  Blake<^).  Crystals  of  ruby  corundum  occur  in  a 
corundvim  syenite  in  San  Antonio  Canyon,  near  Uplands. 

Plumas  County:  Large  crystals  of  a  pale  violet-blue  shade  occur  in 
the  plumasite  of  Spanish  Peak,  Lawson*^>. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  75 

San  Bernardino  County:  Found  in  the  Kingston  Range,  Kunz^"\ 
San  Diego  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dumortierite  schist  of  De 
liesa,  Schaller(5\ 


97.     HEMATITE. 

Sesquioxide   of   iron,    FcoO.,. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals,  compact  massive,  granular,  mica- 
ceous and  earthy.  Color  black,  red,  brown.  Streak  red  and  reddish  brown. 
Metallic,   submetallic  or  earthy  dull.     U  —  5.5  —  6.5;   G=4.9  —  5.3. 

Hematite  is  the  chief  iron  mineral  and  large  deposits  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia aAvaiting  development.  It  occurs  massive  black,  and  massive  and 
•earthy  red.  The  crystalline  ])lack  masses  are  found  in  connection  with 
the  crystalline  metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks  while  the  red  earthy 
masses  are  sedimentary  alterations  of  iron  bearing  minerals.  Red  hem- 
atite mixed  with  brown  limonite  forms  the  common  gossan  capping  of 
iron  sulphide  deposits.  The  flaky  specular  variety,  often  termed  "spec- 
iilarite.''  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  crystalline  rocks  of  the  State. 

Martite  is  a  pseudomorph  of  hematite  after  magnetite.  Much  of  the 
magnetite  of  the  State  shows  a  change  into  hematite  and  martite  is  com- 
mon in  the  magnetite-hematite  deposits. 

Alameda  County :  Massive  red  earthy  hematite  mixed  with  limonite 
forms  the  capping  of  the  pyrite  body  at  Leona  Heights. 

Alpine  County :  Massive  black  specimens  are  common  at  Monitor. 

Amador  County :  Small  amounts  occur  about  two  miles  west  of  lone. 

Butte  County :  Common  in  the  gravels  at  Magalia,  Butte  Creek,  Oro- 
ville  and  Sterling  City. 

Calaveras  County:  Small  amounts  found  at  Douglas  Flat,  Murphy, 
Wallace  and  Quail  Hill. 

Del  Norte  County :  Found  at  the  Kelsey  Tunnel,  14  miles  southeast 
of  Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado  County  :  Heavy  masses  at  Shingle  Springs.  In  the  gravels 
at  Diamond  Springs,  Green  Valley  and  Virner. 

Humboldt  County:  Large  vein  3  miles  south  of  Centerville. 

Inyo  County :  Massive  specular  hematite  occurs  at  the  Defiance  mine. 
Also  found  in  Owens  Valley,  Hanks^^\ 

Kern  County:  At  Cane  Springs  and  Ricardo. 

Lake  County:  ]\Iassive  red  near  Glenbrook.     In  Cobb  Valley. 

Madera  County :  One  of  the  largest  deposits  of  magnetite-hematite 
occurs  in  the  Minaret  Mountains.     Much  of  this  ore  is  martite. 

Marin  County :  Massive  specimens  have  come  from  the  Maillard 
Ranch,  about  two  miles  southwest  of  San  Geronimo. 

]\Iodoc  County:  Hematite  flakes  occur  along  the  Feather  River. 

Mono  County:  Connnon  mineral  in  the  Blind  Spring  district. 


76  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Napa  County:  Massive  red  occurs  near  St.  Helena.  Massive  at 
White  Sulphur  Springs  and  Blaisville. 

Nevada  County:  Associated  with  gold  at  Meadow  Lake,  Lindgren^^). 
Minor  deposits  occur  at  Indian  Springs  and  at  Newtown. 

Orange  County :  Observed  at  Fullerton. 

Placer  County :  Some  hematite  occurs  with  magnetite  at  the  Hotaling 
deposit  about  six  miles  north  of  Auburn.  Small  amounts  occur  at 
Clipper  Gap,  Red  Hill  and  near  Weimar. 

Plumas  County :  With  magnetite  near  Crescent  Mills ;  at  Mumf ord  's 
Hill,  Light's  Canyon,  Genessee  Valley  and  Nelson  Point. 

Riverside  County :  Considerable  hematite  is  associated  with,  and  has 
been  formed  from,  magnetite,  at  the  extensive  Eagle  Mountain  deposit. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  numerous  iron  deposits  of  the  Mojave 
Desert  have  hematite  and  magnetite  in  heavy  black  masses.  The  de- 
posits near  Dale,  on  Iron  Mountain,  in  the  Kingston  Range,  at  Cave 
Canyon,  Newberry,  on  Providence  Mountain  and  elsewhere  in  the 
county  are  massive  hematite  after  magnetite,  or  martite. 

San  Diego  County :  Black  massive  hematite  in  Eagle  Peak  Canyon. 

Shasta  County:  The  Redding  or  Pitt  River  deposit  of  hematite  has 
been  utilized  at  the  electric  smelting  furnace  at  Heroult.  The  capping 
of  the  pyrite  beds  of  this  county  are  thick  deposits  of  earthy  hematite 
and  limonite. 

Siskiyou  County :  The  gravels  of  the  Shasta  River  show  specular 
hematite. 

Sonoma  County :  Deposits  are  reported  near  Fort  Ross  and  near  the 
west  fork  of  the  Guelala  river. 

Stanislaus  County :  A  foliated  variety  occurs  near  La  Grange. 

Tehama  County :  Minor  deposits  occur  at  Beegum. 

Trinity  County :  In  the  sands  at  Trinity  Center. 

Yuba  County :  In  the  sands  of  the  Brownsville  district. 


98.     ILMENITE — Menaccanite — Titaniferous   Iron. 
Oxide  of  iron  and  titanium,    (FeTi)o03. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Plates,  massive,  in  rounded  pebbks  and 
grains.  Color  black.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black.  Metallic  luster. 
H=:o  — 6;  G  =  4.5  — 5. 

Ilmenite  resembles  hematite  and  magnetite  so  closely  that  it  is  not 
often  differentiated.  The  black  l)each  sands  and  the  black  concentrates 
in  the  gold  fields  contain  much  of  the  mineral  in  small  grains  and 
rolled  pebbles.  In  most  of  the  localities  given  below  it  exists  in  the 
sands. 

Amador  Countv  :  Near  Volcano. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  77 

Butte  County:  At  Oroville,  Cherokee,  Ijittle  Rock  Creek,  Brush 
creek,  and  Inskip. 

Calaveras  County :  San  Andi-eas,  Murphy  and  Wallace  in  consider- 
able amount. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado  County:  In  the  Brownsville  district,  at  Green  Valley, 
Placerville,  Grizzly  Flats.  Its  occurrence  is  mentioned  at  Georgetown, 
Hanks^9>. 

Humboldt  County  :  At  Upper  Gold  Bluff. 

Kern  County :  A  large  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at  Vaughn. 

Los  Angeles  County :  In  the  beach  sands  at  Ocean  Park. 

Madera  County :  With  magnetite  in  the  Minaret  Mountains. 

Mariposa  County :  Near  Princeton  and  in  dolomite  as  crystals  near 
Mariposa. 

Nevada  County:  At  Rough  and  Ready,  Nevada  City,  North  Bloom- 
field  and  Relief  Hill. 

Orange  County :  At  Fullerton. 

Placer  County  :  At  Gold  Run. 

Plumas  County :  At  Spanish  Ranch,  Crescent  Mills,  Genessee,  La 
Porte  and  Nelson  Point. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Near  Needles. 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dikes  cutting  across  the 
city. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  A  constituent  of  the  beach  sands  of  the 
county. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  At  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  At  Aptos. 

Shasta  County :  At  Round  Mountain,  French  Gulch  and  Redding. 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  sands  of  Jackson  Creek,  Happy  Camp, 
Forks  of  the  Salmon,  Sawyers  Bar,  Scott  River  and  Shasta  River. 

Trinity  County:  At  Junction  City,  Carrville,  IMinersville  and  on 
Trinity  River. 

Tuolumne  County :  At  American  Camp. 

Yuba  Count}^ :  At  JNIarysville,  Brownsvilh',  Yuba  River.  Strawl)erry 
Valley,  Indian  Hill  and  Oregon  House. 


99.     SPINEL. 
O.Kide  oL"  aluiuiiiiuin  iiiid   luagncsinin,  MgO.ALOs. 

Isoinot  ric.     Small  crystals ;  rounded  grains.     Color  ruby-red,  blue,  green, 
brown    and    black.      Vitreous    luster.     11  =  8;    0  =  3.5  —  4.1. 

Spinel  occurs  only  as  a  rock  constituent  and  exist  in  some  of  the  gold 
sands  as  ruby-red  grains  resembling  red  garnet.     Picodlc  is  a  brown 


78  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

spinel  containing  chroniinm  and  iron  which  occurs  in  the  serpentine 
rocks.     Pleonaste  is  an  iron-magnesia  spinel. 

Butte  County:  Small  crystals  of  ruby  spinel  have  been  found  in  the 
rock  of  the  diamond  mine  near  Oroville. 

Humboldt  County :  Ruby  spinel  occurs  in  the  beach  sands  at  Gold 
Bluff. 

Placer  County:  Picotite  has  been  found  at  Rocklin,  Hanks^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  Blue  spinel  was  reported  to  occur  in  the  ^lack 
mine  near  Rincon;  the  deep  green,  pleonaste  variety,  in  small  octahe- 
drons, occurs  there,  associated  with  garnet,  Rogers  *^^\ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Ruby  spinel  has  been  observed  near  San 
Luis  Obispo,  Kunz^'^^ 

Siskiyou  County:  Picotite  occurs  in  the  basalts  of  Mount  Shasta, 
Hanks(6). 


100.     MAGNETITE— Magnetic  Iron. 

Oxide  of  iron,  Fe304. 

Isometric.  Octahedral  crystals,  compact  and  granular  massive.  Color 
iron  black.  Streak  black.  Metallic  luster.  H  =  5.5  —  6.5;  G  =  5.1. 
Strongly  magnetic. 

Magnetite  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  iron  minerals  and  good 
deposits  of  it  occur  in  the  State.  It  is  a  constituent  of  all  igneous  rocks 
and  in  such  condition  exists  in  all  of  the  counties.  It  forms  the  bulk 
of  the  black  sands.  ]\Iost  of  magnetite  occurs  with  the  metamorphic 
schists  and  gneisses,  and  in  igneous  rocks.  Often  occurs  along  the  con- 
tact of  igneous  intrusions  through  metamorphic  or  sedimentary  rocks. 
Some  of  the  magnetite  is  titaniferous,  grading  toward  ilmenite. 

Lodestone  is  the  variety  possessing  polarity. 

Amador  County :  Large  boulders  have  been  found  at  Volcano,  W.  P. 
Blake<i>.     On  Sutter  Creek. 

Butte  County :  Abundant  in  the  drift  workings  at  Magalia,  in  the 
gravels  on  Butte  Creek  and  in  the  dredging  sands  at  Oroville.  In  the 
concentrates  at  Sterling  City,  Little  Rock  Creek,  Brush  Creek,  Love- 
lock and  Inskip. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  concentrates  at  Douglas  Flat,  San  Andreas, 
Murphy,  and  Wallace. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek,  on  Smith  River. 

EI  Dorado  County :  Massive  about  two  miles  northeast  of  Shingle 
Springs  and  also  fine  octahedrons  in  chlorite.  The  lodestone  variety 
has  been  found  at  Coloma.  Common  in  the  concentrates  at  Virnir, 
Green  Valley,  Grizzly  Flats,  Reliance  mine  and  in  the  Brownsville 
district. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  79 

Fresno  County :  Lodestone  has  been  found  at  the  Sparkling  Iron 
mine.  Kings  Creek  district. 

Humboldt  County :  The  greater  part  of  the  black  constituent  of  the 
beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  Upper  Gold  Bluff  is  magnetite.  Common 
also  at  Orleans  and  Trinidad. 

Kern  County:  Abundant  at  Ricardo,  Cane  Springs  and  Vaughn  in 
the  black  concentrates. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Black  sands  at  Ocean  Park.  Solid  masses  near 
Russ  Station  in  Soledad  Canyon.  Small  deposit  in  canyon  about  ten 
miles  northeast  of  Acton ;  with  garnet  in  the  black  sands  of  Santa 
Monica  Bay. 

Madera  County :  Large  deposits  of  magnetite-hematite  occur  in  the 
Minaret  Mountains.  Deposits  occur  on  the  west  slope  of  Mount  Ray- 
mond. 

Modoc  County :  In  the  drift  and  black  sands  of  the  Feather  River. 

Mono  County :  Found  massive  in  the  Benton,  Bodie  and  Lundy  dis- 
tricts, Whiting' i\ 

Nevada  County:  A  deposit  occurs  about  one  mile  west  of  Newtown 
and  also  about  four  miles  south  of  Indian  Springs  at  the  contact 
between  granodiorite  and  diabase.  Common  in  the  concentrates  at 
Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley,  North  Bloomfield,  Relief  Hill,  and  Rough 
and  Ready. 

Orange  County :  In  the  sands  at  FuUerton. 

Placer  County:  A. deposit  which  has  been  worked  for  the  electric 
smelter  at  Heroult  occurs  at  Hotaling,  about  six  miles  north  of  Auburn, 
on  the  contact  between  diabase  and  quartzite.  Octahedrons  are  com- 
mon at  Forest  Hill.  Common  in  the  black  sands  and  concentrates  at 
Butcher  Ranch.  Michigan  Bluff,  Gold  Run,  East  Auburn,  in  Blue 
Canyon,  and  on  the  North  Fork  of  the  American  River. 

Plumas  County:  Common  at  Spanish  Ranch,  Genessee,  La  Porte, 
Nelson  Point,  Crescent  Mills,  and  on  Rock  Island  Hill,  but  only  in 
small  amounts. 

Riverside  County:  One  of  the  largest  deposits  of  iron  in  the  State 
occurs  on  Eagle  Mountain.     It  is  magnetite-hematite  or  martite  ore. 

Sacramento  County :  In  the  black  sands  at  Michigan  Bar. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Important  deposits  of  magnetite  occur  in 
several  localities  in  this  county  but  are  as  yet  not  utilized.  Good 
deposits  on  Iron  ^Mountain,  near  Dale,  at  Owl  Holes,  on  the  Kingston 
Range,  at  Cave  Canyon,  Garlic  Springs,  Newberry,  and  on  Providence 
Mountain.     The  Dale  deposit  has  been  descril)ed  ])y  Ilarder^^). 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  beach  sands. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Common  at  La  Panza. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Common  in  the  beach  sands  at  Point  Sal. 


80  STATE    MINING    BlREAr. 

Shasta  County :  Large  deposit  at  Hotaling  ou  contact  between  dia- 
base and  slate.  Deposit  near  Baird.  Occurs  with  hematite  at  Iron 
Mountain  and  at  most  of  the  copper  mines.  In  the  sands  at  French 
Gulch,  Redding  and  Round  Mountain.  On  contact  between  diabase  and 
carboniferous  limestone  at  Gray  Rock  and  on  McCloud  River. 

Sierra  County :  Large  beds  said  to  occur  in  this  county,  W.  P. 
Blake  (9). 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  black  sands  it  is  common  at  Happy  Camp, 
Seiard,  Cecilville,  Forks  of  the  Salmon,  Sawyer's  Bar,  Scott  River, 
Oro  Fino,  Castella,  Shasta  River,  Beaver  Creek,  Henley  and  Klamath 
River. 

Trinity  County :  In  the  black  sands  at  Trinity  Center,  Douglas  City, 
Junction  City,  Carrville,  Minersville  and  along  the  Trinity  River. 

Tulare  County:  Massive  at  New  Pass,  W.  P.  Blake(i>. 

Tuolumne  County :  In  the  black  concentrates  at  all  of  the  mines. 

Yuba  County :  Common  at  Marysville,  Brownsville,  Strawberry  Val- 
ley, Indian  Hill,  Oregon  House,  Camptonville  and  on  Yuba  River. 


101.     CH  ROM  ITE— Chromic  Iron. 
Oxide  of  clirominm  and  iron,  FeCi^Oi. 

Isometric.     Generally     massive.     Color     blaclv.     Streak     grayish     brown. 
Metallic  luster.     H  =  .5.5;  G  =  4.32  — 4.57. 

In  much  of  the  chromite  of  the  State  magnesium  replaces  the  iron, 
forming  magnesium  chromite.  The  mineral  is  formed  in  serpentine 
rocks,  often  as  large  boulder-like  masses  and  irregular  shaped  masses. 
It  is  abundant  in  the  serpentine  areas  of  the  State,  and  some  tons  of  it 
are  produced  annually.     It  is  also  abundant  in  the  black  sands. 

Alameda  County :  Pockets  of  massive  chromite  occur  in  the  serpentine 
about  seven  miles  northeast  of  Milton,  and  at  Mendenhall,  about  sixteen 
miles  south  of  Livermore. 

Amador  County :  Found  near  Jackson. 

Butte  County :  A  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at  Magalia,  Oro- 
ville,  Cherokee,  Buchanan  Hill,  Lovelock,  and  Pentz. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  serpentine  about  five  miles  east  of  Valley 
Springs.     In  the  concentrates  at  Forest  Gulch. 

Colusa  County :  Massive  at  Newville. 

Del  Norte  County:  In  the  black  sands  of  Smith  River,  on  Gilbert 
Creek  and  at  Crescent  City.  Good  deposits  on  Rattlesnake  Mountain, 
twenty  miles  east  of  Crescent  City. 

El  Dorado  County:  Near  Latrobe,  near  Colima  and  at  Shingle 
Springs. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFOKXIA.  81 

Fresno  Couritv :  Found  near  IMadera  in  masses  coated  with  zaratite. 
Deposits  occur  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  county  in  the  Mount  Diablo 
Range,  and  in  the  serpentine  hills  east  of  Fresno. 

Humboldt  County :  Constituent  of  the  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff,  and 
of  the  concentrates  at  Orleans  and  Trinidad. 

Lake  County :  Pockets  of  chromite  occur  on  the  Pardee  Ranch,  near 
Middleton. 

Mendocino  County :  Found  coated  with  green  uvarovite  garnet  about 
ten  miles  north  of  Willits.     Specimens  have  come  from  near  Ukiah. 

]\Ionterey  County :  Common  in  small  masses  in  the  serpentine  of  this 
county,  and  specimens  have  been  analysed,  Goldsmith* ^>. 

Cr.O.,  AUOa        FeaO.-,  MgO  CaO  SiOo 

.■>2.12  2.18        1."».24  12.29  .",.6.")        ]2.12  =00.60  per  cent 

Nevada  County :  Fine  octahedrons  occur  in  the  serpentine  near 
Indian  Springs. 

In  the  concentrates  at  Rough  and  Ready,  North  Bloomfield,  and 
Relief  Hill. 

Placer  County :  A  deposit  occurs  in  serpentine  near  Green  Valley 
below  Towle.  In  the  black  sands  of  the  North  Fork  of  American  River, 
of  Blue  Canyon,  at  Loomis,  and  at  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County:  Common  at  Rock  Island  Hill,  La  Porte,  and  in 
Meadow  ^"alley  as  concentrates. 

Sacramento  County :  A  prominent  constituent  of  the  black  sands  at 
Michigan  Bar. 

San  Benito  County:  Massive  specimens  coated  with  zaratite  have 
come  from  near  Hollister. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Mined  in  mountains  southeast  of  San 
Luis  \'alley  on  the  slope  of  the  San  Lucia  Range.  Occurs  at  the  London 
mine.  4-i  miles  northeast  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  Found  at  the  head  of 
Carpojero  Creek  and  at  La  Panza.  The  chromite  from  the  Pick  and 
Shovel  mine  on  Chorro  Creek  has  been  analysed,  Pemberton^^\ 

Ci\.0:,  AL.U;,         Fe:..0:..  MgO  FeO  MnO         SiO,.  H^O 

5G.GS         11.4U         3.r»2         l«i.23         11.77         0.1.")         3.40         0.04     =100.09% 

San  Mateo  County :  Common  in  the  In-ach  sands. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Found  in  small  masses  in  the  serpentine  near 
Los  Gatos  and  near  New  Almaden. 

Shasta  County:  At  French  Gulch  and  in  tlic  black  sands  of  the 
Sacramento  River. 

Siskiyou  County:  A  good  deposit  near  Casteihi.  Common  in  the 
concentrates  at  Callahan,  Grouse  Creek,  Happy  Camp,  on  Scott  River, 
Beaver  Creek  and  in  Sciard  Valley. 

Sonoma  County:   Found  at  Litton  Springs  and  near  Cloverdale. 

Trinity  County:    In  tlic  sands  at  Trinity  Center. 

(5— S.-)(JO 


82  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Tuolumne  County :  Masses  have  been  found  near  Chinese  Camp. 
Yuba  County :  In  the  black  sands  at  Camptonville,  on  the  Yuba 
River,  and  on  Indian  Hill. 


102.     CASSITERITE— Tin  Stone. 

Oxide  of  tin,  SnOo. 

Tetragonal. 

Twinned    crystals    and    massive.     Color    brown    and    black. 

Streak    gray 

or    pale    brown.     Adamantine    to    dull    luster.     H  =  6  —  7; 

G  =  6.8  — 7.1. 

This  valuable  oxide,  from  which  practically  all  of  the  metallic  tin  is 
obtained,  is  rare  in  California.  A  few  specimens  of  stream  tin  and  a 
small  deposit  quickly  exhausted  are  all  that  have  been  found. 

Plumas  County :  Stream  tin  was  found  in  the  bed  of  the  middle  fork 
of  the  Feather  River,  three  miles  above  Big  Bar,  Hanks^^^ 

Riverside  County :  The  Temescal  tin  mine  was  situated  a  few  miles 
southeast  of  South  Riverside  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains.  The  oxide 
occurred  in  a  rudely  semicircular  area  of  granite  about  two  miles  in 
diameter,  as  brownish  masses  and  reddish  brown  crystals  in  a  vein  of 
tourmaline  and  quartz.  Some  layers  of  wood  tin  also  occurred.  An 
analysis  of  a  fairly  pure  specimen  of  the  ore  was  made  by  Genth,  Fair- 
banks^ 5) 

Si02         WO3  SnOe  CuO         AlsOsFe^Og  MnO  CaO 

9.82         0.22         76.15         0.27  13.54 

San  Diego  County :  Small  crystals  were  found  associated  with  gem 
tourmaline,  beryl  and  stibiotantalite,  at  Mesa  Grande,  Penfield  and 
Ford^i). 

Siskiyou  County :  Stream  tin  is  not  uncommon  in  the  gravels  at 
Sawyer's  Bar. 

Trinity  County:  Found  as  stream  tin  near  Weaverville,  IIanks^^\ 


103.     RUTILE. 
Oxide  of  titanium,  TiOj. 

Tetragonal.  Long  prisms  and  grains  ;  crystals  often  twinned.  Color  red- 
dish brown  to  brownish  black.  Adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Streak  pale 
brown  to  colorless.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  4.18  —  4.25. 

Rutile,  as  a  rock  constituent  in  microscopic  crystals,  is  common  in 
many  of  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  State.  Large  crystals  have  not 
been  found. 

Amador  County :  Reported  as  needles  in  (juartz,  forming  sagenite,  at 
Tyler's  ranch  near  Oleta. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  83 

Butte  County:  A  constituent  of  the  gold  washings  at  Cherokee, 
Silliman<7). 

Humboldt  County :  First  noticed  in  the  State  in  the  granite  at 
Eureka. 

Mono  County :  It  occurs  in  small  reddish  brown  crystals  in  white 
({uartzite  M'ith  bands  of  blue  lazulite  near  Mono  Lake. 

San  Diego  County :  One  of  the  constituents  of  the  dumortierite  schist 
at  Dehesa,  Schaller^^\ 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  in  the  schists  of  Calaveras  Valley  and 
in  much  of  the  metamorphics  of  the  Coast  Range,  Murgoci^^^ 


104.     ANATASE— Octahedrite. 

Oxide  of  titanium,  TiOo. 

Tetragonal.  Small  pj'ramidal  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal  and 
prismatic.  Color  brown.  Adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  H  =  5.5  —  6; 
G  =  3.82  — 3.95. 

This  dimorphic  form  of  the  oxide  is  much  rarer  than  rutile,  and  is 
always  found  in  minute  crystals. 

El  Dorado  County :  Minute  crystals  with  brookite  were  found 
implanted  on  quartz  crystals  near  Placerville,  Kunz^^^-  ^^^ 


105.     BROOKITE. 
Oxide  of  titanium,  TiO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Cr.vstals    tabular    or    pyramidal.     Color    dark    brown    to 
black.     Adamantine  luster.     11  =  5.5  —  G:   G  =  3.S7  —  4.01. 

This  trimorphic  form  of  the  oxide  is  also  much  rarer  than  rutile,  and 
only  the  one  locality  is  known  in  the  State  for  its  occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County :  Found  in  tabular  reddish  brown  crystals,  with 
anatase  on  quartz  crystals  at  Placerville.  Forms  by  Penfield:  (100), 
(001),  (110),  (210), '(102),  (104),  (021),  (121),  (122),  (134),  (234), 
Kunz<i).<2). 


106.     CHRYSOBERYL. 

Oxide  of  beryllium,  BeAloOi. 

Ortborhombic.  Usually  twinned  crystals.  Striated  faces.  Color 
grass-green,  yellowish  green  and  yellowish  brown.  Vitreous.  11  =  8.5; 
G  =  3.5  — 3.84. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mineral  ami  when  of  good  color  is  important  as  a 
gem  stone. 


84  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Butte  County :  Supposed  green  specimens  of  ehrysoberyl  have  been 
found  near  Stanwood  and  at  Big  Bar.  They  are  probably  californite, 
which  occurs  in  that  vicinity. 


107.     HAUSMANNITE. 
Oxide  of  raansauese,  MnaO^. 
Tetragonal.     Small       pyramidal      crystals.      massive,      granular.     Color 
brownish  black.     Streak  chestnut-brown.     Subraetallic  luster.     H  =  r)  —  5.5; 
G  =  4. 72  — 4.85. 

Manganese  is  abundant  in  the  State,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  this 
rarer  oxide  may  occur  in  many  of  the  localities  and  remain  unidentified. 

Plumas  County :  Specimens  of  hausmannite  have  come  from  Meadow 
Valley. 


108.     MINIUM— Red    Lead. 
Oxide  of  lead,  Pb.O^. 
Powder.     Color    bright    red    mixed    with    yellow.     Streak    orange-yellow. 
G  =  4.6.     Dull  luster. 

The  red  oxide  of  lead  rarely  is  found  native.  It  is  an  oxidation 
product  of  galena  and  other  lead  minerals,  occurring  as  a  powder. 

Kern  County :  Specimens  have  come  from  near  Fort  Tejon. 

Tulare  County :  A  small  amount  of  red  lead  was  found  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county. 


109.     CREDNERITE. 
Oxide  of  manganese  and  copper,  Cu^jMn^Oc,. 
Monoclinic.    Foliated  masses.    Cleavage  perfect  basal.    Color  iron-black  to 
steel-gray.     Streak  brownish  black.     Metallic  luster.     H  =  4  —  5;   G  =  4.95. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mineral  and  its  occurrence  in  the  State  is  limited 
to  one  locality. 

Napa  County :  Found  massive  near  Calistoga. 


110.     BRAUNITE. 
Silico-oxide  of  manganese,   .3Mn;0...,.MnSiO:i. 
Tetragonal.     Small     pyramids     and     massive.     Color     brownish     black. 
Streak  brownish  black.     Submetallic  luster.     H  =  ()  —  6.5;  G  =  4.T5. 

Silicious  manganese  ores  are  very  common  in  California,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  rather  common  brown  manganese  exists  in  many  of 
the  localities,  but  it  has  never  been  reported. 

Plumas  County:  Specimens  of  braunite  have  come  from  Meadow 
Valley. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  85 

111.     PYROLUSITE. 

Oxide  of  manganese.  INIuOj. 

Ortlioihorahio.     (icncrally  tihrous  or  as  a  powdiT.     Color  black.      Streak 
dull-black.     Metallic  to  (lull   luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;   G  =  4.S2. 

Pyrolusite  is  a  very  coininon  mineral  generally  associated  with  other 
ores  of  manganese.  It  is  usually  found  as  fibrous  seams  and  coatings 
in  masses  of  psilomelane,  and  often  grades  toward  raanganite.  Com- 
mon as  dendritic  coating*. 

Alameda  County:  It  occurs  with  psilomelane  in  the  Diablo  Range, 
southwest  of  Livermore  in  the  Corral  Hollow  district. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  the  Seaton  mine  and  on  volcanic  ash  at 
Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Occurred  at  Wild  Rose  Flat  near  Murphy. 

Colusa  County :  Found  at  Stony  Ford  in  association  with  cinnabar. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Occurred  with  psilomelane  on  Red  Rock,  San 
Francisco  Bay. 

El  Dorado  County :  In  dendritic  coatings  near  Placerville  and  fibrous 
at  Greenwood. 

Marin  County :  Small  amounts  found  in  the  rock  at  Sausalito. 

Mendocino  County:  At  Red  Mountain. 

Xapa  County :  Pyrolusite  occurred  as  radiate  concentric  masses  with 
cinnabar  at  the  old  Redington  and  Manhattan  mines,  Knoxville. 

Nevada  County:  Found  in  the  Grass  Valley  district,  Liudgren(^>. 
Also  at  Sweetland,  and  as  dendrite  on  rocks  of  Sugar  Loaf  Hill. 

Placer  County:  Found  near  Auburn. 

Plumas  County :  Common  in  the  Diadem  lode.  Meadow  Valley  dis- 
trict. 

Riverside  County:  Occurs  near  Elsinore. 

San  Bernardino  County:"  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  Calico  and 
Barstow  districts. 

San  Joaquin  County  :  In  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  Diablo  Range. 

San  Mateo  County :  At  Baden. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  at  tiie  Washington  mine  and  in  mines 
of  the  Diablo  Range. 

Sierra  County :  Common  as  dendrite  at  Alleghany. 

Siskiyou  County:  Occurs  with  rhodonite  at  Sawyer's  Bar. 

Sonoma  County :  At  the  Shaw  mine. 

Tuolumne  County:  Common  with  psilomelane  at  Knapp's  ranch, 
near  Columbia. 


86  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

112.     MANGANITE. 
Hj'drous  oxide  of  manganese,  MnoOs.HoO. 

Orthorhombic.  Crystals  long  prisms.  Structure  usually  columnar. 
Perfect  brachypiuacoidal  cleavage.  Color  iron-black.  Metallic  luster. 
Streak  dark  reddish  brown.     H  =  4;  G  =  4.3. 

There  are  numerous  small  deposits  of  manganese  in  the  State,  and 
much  of  the  ore  appears  to  be  maganite  mixed  with  a  more  or  less 
silicious  psilomelane.  The  deposits  consist  generally  of  black  porous  ore 
in  masses  and  lenses  of  red  and  brown  jasper  in  the  metamorphics  of 
the  Coast  ranges,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Sierras.  Reports  on  the 
■deposits  of  the  State  have  been  made  by  Penrose^ ^^  and  by  Harder^^^ 

Alameda  County :  Deposits  occur  in  the  Livermore-Tesla  district 
southwest  of  Livermore  in  the  Diablo  Range.  The  ore  is  in  jasper 
lenses,  and  much  of  the  manganese  produced  in  the  State  has  come  from 
this  district,  one  of  the  earliest  and  best  known  mines  being  the  old 
X/add  or  Corral  Hollow^  mine. 

Calaveras  County :  Some  manganite  with  psilomelane  occurs  two 
miles  northeast  of  San  Andreas  in  mica  schist. 

Colusa  County :  Small  deposits  on  the  east  flank  of  St.  John  Moun- 
tain, near  Little  Stony. 

Contra  Costa  County :  The  deposits  on  Red  Rock  Island  in  San 
Francisco  Bay  contain  some  manganite  with  the  psilomelane. 

Marin  County :  Some  manganite  is  found  in  the  red  rock  near 
Sausalito. 

Mendocino  County :  At  the  Cave  mine,  ten  miles  northeast  of  Ukiah. 

Placer  County:  Small  pieces  have  been  found  near  Colfax. 

Plumas  County :  Considerable  manganese  occurs  in  this  county  in  the 
Meadow  Valley  and  other  districts,  and  manganite  is  probably  common. 

Riverside  County :  Psilomelane  and  manganite  occur  in  a  network  of 
veins  in  schist  six  miles  northeast  of  Elsinore,  in  the  Maria  Mountains. 

San  Joaquin  County:  Some  small  deposits  in  jasper  in  the  Diablo 
Range. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Small  deposits  occur  five  miles  Avest  of  San 
Luis  Obispo. 

Santa  Clara  County:  In  the  Black  Wonder  and  other  mines  of  the 
Diablo  Range. 

Sonoma  County :  At  the  Shaw  mine  eight  miles  northwest  of  Clover- 
dale. 

Tuolumne  Countv :  Occurs  with  rhodonite  two  miles  north  of  Sonora. 


MINER-O^S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  87 

113.     GOTHITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  iron,  FeoOg.HoO. 

Orthorhombic.  Slendpr  prisms,  vertically  striated.  Cleavajje  perfect 
brachypinacoidal.  Color  yellowish  brown.  Streak  yellowish  brown.  Ada- 
mantine to  snbmetallic  luster.     H  =  5 — ^5.5;  G  =  4.37. 

Gothite  is  usually  found  as  slender  prismatic  crystals  in  masses  of 
limonite  or  hematite,  and  resembles  limonite  so  closely  that  it  would 
be  usually  classed  as  such. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  chrysoeoUa  and  limonite  at  the  St.  Ignacio 
mine. 

Mariposa  County :  Observed  at  Burns  Creek  in  masses  of  limonite. 

San  Bernardino  Count}^ :  An  associate  with  limonite  at  the  mag- 
netite-hematite deposit,  near  Dale. 


114.     LIMONITE— Brown    Hematite. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  iron,   2Fe,03..3H20. 

Massive.  Compact,  stalactitic,  botryoidal,  columnar,  fibrous,  earthy.  Color 
yellow,  brown  to  black.  Streak  yellowish  brown.  Submetallic  to  dull 
luster.     H  =  5  — .5.5;  G  =  .3.6  — 4. 

Limonite  is  the  most  common  of  the  iron  minerals,  and  is  quite  uni- 
versal in  its  occurrence  as  a  staining  material.  It  is  found  varying 
from  soft  yellow  and  brown  ocher  to  hard  compact  masses.  As  the 
common  alteration  product  of  pyrite  and  most  minerals  containing  iron, 
it  is  prevalent  in  most  mineral  districts  and  forms  the  gossan  and 
brown  capping  of  ore  deposits.  Cubes  of  limonite  as  pseudomorphs 
after  pyrite  are  common  in  mining  regions.  As  an  ore  of  iron  it  is  not 
so  valuable  as  hematite  or  magnetite.  It  is  present  in  every  county  in 
some  form  and  only  a  few  of  its  occurrences  can  consequently  be  cited. 

Alameda  County :  Earthy  limonite  mixed  with  hematite  is  common 
as  a  gossan  capping  of  the  pyrite  deposit  at  Leona  Heights. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  concretions  and  earthy  masses  at  Pine 
Grove.     With  hematite  and  magnetite  at  Volcano. 

Butte  County:  Large  blocks  at  Burns  Creek,  W.  P.  Blake(9>.  Thick 
masses  at  the  IMonarch  mine ;  cubes  at  Red  Hill  and  at  Magalia. 

Calaveras  County :  Forms  capping  of  hill  about  one  mile  and  a  half 
north  of  JMurphy.  The  Detert  deposit  near  Valley  Springs  was  form- 
erly worked.  Massive  and  yellow  ocher  at  the  Eureka  mine,  near 
Valley  Springs. 

Inyo  County :  Pseudomorphs  after  long  prisms  of  stibnite  from  the 
Cerro  Gordo. 

Mariposa  County :  Fine  large  cubes  have  come  from  the  Chowchilla 
Valley. 


88  STATE    MINING    lUTREAU. 

Placer  County  :  At  Gold  Run. 

Plumas  County:  Massive  in  Light's  Canyon  and  at  Nelson  Point. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Brown  banded  masses  have  come  from  the 
Perfumo  ranch.  This  deposit  lies  in  the  Los  Osos  Mountains  inter- 
bedded  with  Franciscan  shales  and  sandstones. 

Shasta  County:  Common  as  cappings  of  the  pyrite  deposits  of  the 
county. 

Pseudomorphs  after  hedenbergite  have  been  found  at  Ydalpan. 
Highly  iridescent  specimens  have  come  from  Copper  City.  Excellent 
bronze  colored  stalactites  occurred  at  the  Lost  Confidence  mine,  Iron 
Mountain. 

Sonoma  County :  Yellow  ocher  at  the  Occidental  mine. 

Tulare  County :  Common  in  the  Mineral  King  district. 

Yolo  County :  In  the  sands  at  Capay. 


115.     BAUXITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  aluminium,  AI0O3.2H2O. 

Massive,    earthy,   oolitic.     Color   white,   yellow,    red   or   browu.     H  =  l.y; 
G  =  2.55. 

Deposits  of  pure  bauxite  are  unknown  in  the  State.     Aubury^^)  is  the 
authority  for  the  occurrence  of  the  mineral. 
Riverside  County :  Said  to  occur  in  the  county. 
Yuba  County :  Found  at  Smartsville. 


116.     BRUCITE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  magnesia,  iMgO.H„0. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Foliated  plates  and  fibrous  masses.  Cleav- 
age perfect  basal.  Color  white,  gray,  pink.  Pearly  luster.  H=:2.5; 
G  =  2.38  — 2.4. 

Brucite  occurs  as  thin  veins  in  serpentine,  but  very  little  has  been 
observed  in  the  State  as  an  alteration  of  serpentine.  It  also  occurs  as 
a  metamorphic  mineral  in  crystalline  magnesian  limestone. 

Riverside  County :  Brucite  is  abundant  in  small  globular  masses  in 
the  white  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore,  formed  probably  as  a 
hydration  product  of  original  periclase.     An  analysis  by  Eakle  gave : 

MgO  FezOs  H2O 

67.48  0.55  31.73  09.7G  per  cent 

San  Francisco  County :  A  small  amount  of  brucite  has  been  observed 
as  thin  seams  in  the  serpentines  of  San  Francisco. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  89 

117.     SASSOLITE— Boracic    Acid. 

Hydrous  oxide  of  borou,  B.O;j.81l20. 

Triolinic.     T'sually  in  small  scales.     Cleavnso  piTfect  basal.     Color  white. 
Pearly  luster.     H  =  l;   G  =  1.4S. 

The  waters  of  some  of  the  springs  and  lakes  of  the  State  contain 
traces  of  l)oracic  acid,  ])iit  the  scaly  white  crystals  of  the  solid  sassolite 
have  not  been  found. 

Lake  County:  Occurs  in  the  waters  of  Clear  Lake,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 
San  Bernardino  County:  Some  of  the  borate  waters  of  this  county 
yield  the  oxide  upon  evaporation. 


118.     PSILOMELANE. 
Hydrous  oxide  of  mausanese.  usually  impure. 

Massive,    botryoidal,    stalactitic.     Prominent   conchoidal    fracture.      Color 
black.     Streak  brownish   black.     11  =  .")  —  6;   G  =  3.7  —  4.7. 

This  is  the  most  common  manganese  mineral  and  is  the  chief  ore  of 
manganese  in  the  State.  It  is  almost  always  associated  with  manga- 
nite  or  pyrolusite,  and  often  with  limonite.  The  mineral  is  found  in 
many  localities,  but  the  characteristic  occurrence  of  the  more  important 
deposits  is  in  seams  and  irregular  masses  in  jasper.  All  of  the 
localities  cited  for  pyrolusite  and  manganite  contain  psilomelane  as  well. 

Wad  is  an  impure  soft  black  oxide,  often  with  the  harder  psilomelane. 

AshoJite  is  a  wad  containing  cobalt. 

The  locations  of  manganese  claims  in  the  State  are  given  by  Anbury ^^^ 
Reports  on  the  manganese  deposits  of  the  State  have  been  made  by 
Penrose^i^  and  by  Harder*!^ 

Alameda  County :  The  Corral  Hollow  deposit  is  largely  silicious 
psilomelane. 

Contra  Costa  Count.y :  The  deposit  of  manganese  on  Red  Rock,  San 
Francisco  Bay,  which  was  formerly  mined,  is  psilomelane. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Asbolite  occurred  in  the  0  K  mine,  San  Gabriel 
Canyon. 

Marin  County :  Large  masses  occurred  on  the  San  Geronimo  ranch. 

Nevada  County:  Wad  occurs  near  the  North  Banner  mine. 

Placer  County :  Masses  at  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County :  Large  masses  on  Mumford  Hill. 

San  Benito  County:  Stringers  and  coatings  occur  with  the  benitoite, 
Louderback^^\ 

Tuolumne  County :  Massive  witii  pyrolusite  near  Columbia. 


90 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


Anhydrous. 
Calcite 
Dolomite 
Ankerite 
IMagnesite 
Siderite 
Ilhodochrosite 
Smithsonite 
Aragonite 
Strontianite 
Cerussite 


CARBONATES. 

Bismutospliae'rite 
Phosgeuite 
Northupite 
Tychite 
Hydrous. 
Malachite 
Azurite 
Aurichalcite 
Hydrozincite 
Dawsouite 


Thermonatrite 

Gay  Lussite 

Natron 

Trona 

Pirssonite 

Hydromagnesite 

Hydrodolomite 

Zaratite 

Bismutite 


119.     CALCITE — Calc  Spar — Limestone. 
Carbonate  of  calcium,  CaCOa. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  common,  rhombohedrons  and  scale- 
nohedrons.  Also  massive,  granular,  stalactitic,  chalky.  Cleavage  perfect 
rhombohedral.  Colorless,  white,  yellow,  brown,  blue,  red,  pink,  green,  black, 
etc.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3;  G  =  2.71. 

Calcite  is  one  of  the  exceedingly  common  minerals  and  occurs  in 
many  colors  and  in  many  varieties  based  on  color  and  structure.  Some 
of  these  varietal  names  are :  Iceland  spar,  dogtooth  spar,  stalactite, 
stalagmite,  marble,  onyx  marhle,  travertine,  calc-tufa,  chalk  and  com- 
mon limestone.  Extensive  beds  of  limestone  are  common  in  the  State, 
and  are  quarried  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.  Fine  quality  marble 
is  also  known,  but  little  of  it  is  quarried  except  for  cement.  Aubury(^) 
gives  the  location  of  limestone  quarries. 

Alameda  County :  Crystals  are  common  in  the  chalcedony  geodes  on 
the  Berkeley  Hills. 

Alpine  County :  Fine  groups  of  rhombohedrons  have  come  from  the 
Pennsylvania  mine. 

Amador  County :  White  marble  near  Plymouth. 

Butte  County :  A  black  mottled  marble  is  found  at  Pentz. 

Calaveras  County :  Crystals  occur  near  Natural  Bridge. 

El  Dorado  County :  Fine  stalactites  occur  at  the  Alabaster  Cave. 
Good  crystals  found  at  the  Cosumnes  copper  mine. 

Inyo  County :  Thick  deposits  of  beautiful  variegated  marble  occur  at 
the  foot  of  the  Inyo  Mountains,  between  Keeler  and  Lone  Pine.  The 
marble  is  dolomitic.  Fine  crystal  specimens  and  stalactites  have  been 
found  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  Union  mines. 

Kern  County:  Good  quality  marble  occurs  on  the  Tehachapi  Range 
near  Neenach. 


MINER.VLS   OF    CAIJFORNIA.  91 

Los  Angeles  County :  Caleite  crystals  occur  with  the  colemanite  at 
Lang  with  the  forms :   (lOTO),  (01T2),  (0995),  (0221),  (0001). 

Mariposa  County :  Good  crystals  have  come  from  the  mines  near 
Mariposa. 

Merced  County:  A  strontian-bearing  caleite  is  said  to  occur  at 
Delhi. 

Mono  County :  A  large  deposit  of  travertine  occurs  near  Bridge- 
port.    Good  crystals  have  come  from  the  Bodie  district. 

Nevada  County :  Common  in  the  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City 
mines.     Fine  scalenohedrons  have  come  from  the  Pittsburg  mine. 

Placer  County :  One  of  the  minerals  of  the  Ophir  district,  Lind- 
gi.en(5)  ^  verd-antique  variety  was  found  about  sixteen  miles  north- 
east of  Auburn. 

Riverside  County :  Blue  caleite  occurs  at  Crestmore,  which  is  quar- 
ried for  cement  manufacture. 

San  Benito  County :  Found  in  the  rocks  adjoining  the  benitoite  veins 
near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River,  Louderback*^-^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  large  deposit  of  beautiful  variegated 
marble  occurs  at  the  Gem  Marble  quarries  in  the  Silver  Mountain 
district  about  five  miles  south  of  Oro  Grande  which  is  now  quarried  for 
cement.  Also  on  Slover  IMountain,  near  Colton,  gray  limestone  is 
quarried  for  cement. 

San  Francisco  County :  Sealenohedrons  of  caleite  occur  at  Fort  Point. 
They  have  the  forms:  (5382),  (2358),  (4.16.20.3),  (1.6.7.13),  Schal- 
ler(8). 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Beautiful  onyx  marble  with  moss-like 
inclusions  of  greenish  chlorite  imparting  a  landscape  effect  to  the  trans- 
lucent thin  slabs.. 

San  Mateo  County :  Crystals  have  come  from  near  San  Pedro. 

Shasta  County:  Large  stalactites  and  tubular  shapes  occur  in  Pot- 
ter's Cave,  near  Baird,  Eakle^^\ 

Siskiyou  County :  Large  deposits  of  white  and  variegated  marble 
occur  on  Marble  Mountain. 

Solano  County :  Onyx  marble  and  massive  limestone .  occurs  near 
Tolenas.     A  brown  banded  onyx  marble  occurred  near  Suisun. 

Sonoma  County :  Low  rhombohedrons  of  caleite  occur  in  geodes  near 
Petaluma. 

Tuolumne  County :  "White  and  blue-veined  marble  occurs  in  an 
extensive  deposit  on  the  Stanislaus  River  a  few  miles  north  of  Columbia. 
Fine  crystals  with  the  forms  (lOTO),  (OlTl),  and  (3121)  were  found  at 
the  Keltz  mine.  Large  stalactites  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Cave  near 
Columbia. 


92  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

120.      DOLOMITE — Magnesium    Limestone. 

Carbonate  of  magiicsiuiii  and  calciuni  (Ca.M,;;!  CO,,. 

Ilexasonal,  rhomhohedral.  ("r.\slals  usually  with  curved  faces  and  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  rhoniholu'dral.  Color  white,  gray,  brown,  pink. 
H  =  3.r)  — 4:  G  =  2.S8. 

Dolomite  is  a  coininon  mineral,  but  is  not  so  al)undant  as  calcite. 
Much  of  the  limestone  and  marble  of  the  State  is  dolomitic,  and  some 
is  doubtless  pure  dolomite,  but  the  amount  and  localities  are  unknown 
since  the  two  carbonates  are  only  chemically  differentiated.  The  min- 
eral is  commonly  associated  with  magnesian  silicates,  especially  the 
serpentine  rocks,  in  which  it  is  often  found  as  white  veins. 

Calaveras  County :  White  crystals  of  dolomite  occurred  in  the  gold- 
bearing  schist  of  Carson  Hill. 

Inyo  County :  The  variegated  marbles  of  the  Inyo  Mountains  are 
dolomitic.     Good  crystals  were  found  in  the  San  Felipe  mine. 

Nevada  County :  Dolomite  occurs  as  veins  in  the  serpentine  at 
Nevada  City. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Large  specimens  of  drusy  crystallizations  and 
low  rhombohedrons  of  snow-white  dolomite  occurred  in  the  New  Al- 
maden  and  Guadalupe  quicksilver  mines. 


121.     ANKERITE. 
Carbonate  of  calcium,  magnesium  and   iron,  CaCOj.MgCOj.FeCOs. 

Hexagonal,     rhomhohedral.     Generally     massive.     Cleavage     like     calcite. 
Color  white  to  brown.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.9.5  — 3.1. 

Ankerite  is  sometimes  classed  as  an  iron-bearing  dolomite.  It  is  a 
very  common  form  of  carbonate  associated  with  the  gold-bearing  schists 
of  the  Mother  Lode  region,  especially  with  the  green  mica,  mariposite. 

Mariposa  County:  The  mineral  was  first  reported  by  Silliman'^^^  as 
an  associate  of  mariposite  on  the  Mariposa  Estate.  It  w^as  prominent  in 
mariposite  schists  at  the  Josephine  mine. 

Tuolumne  County :  Common  on  Quartz  Mountain  and  at  the  Raw- 
hide Ranch  mine,  near  Tuttletown. 


122.     MAGNESITE. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia,  MgCO,,. 

Hexagonal,  rhonibohedral.  Ci-ystals  are  rare.  Generally  compact  mas- 
sive ;  sometimes  earthy.  Color  snow-white  to  brown.  Prominent  con- 
choidal  fracture,  of  massive  mineral.     H  =  3.5  —  4.");   G  =  3.0  —  3.12. 

Magnesite  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  California  because  of  the 
great  areas  of  serpentine  from  which  it  is  an  alteration  product.  It  is 
characteristic  of  the  serpentinized  rock  to  be  intersected  by  veins  and 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  93 

patches  of  the  snow-white  to  light  ])uff  carbonate,  some  of  these  veins 
foriuing  important  deposits  of  the  mineral.  The  main  deposits  lie  in 
the  serpentine  belts  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  but  minor  deposits  also  occur 
in  the  serpentines  of  the  Sierras.  The  mineral  is  almost  uniformly  in 
iiryptocrystalline  masses  with  prominent  conchoidal  fracture,  and  the 
silicious  varieties  are  very  hard.  A  bulletin  on  the  magnesite  deposits 
■of  the  State  has  been  issued  by  Hess'^*  who  gives  the  analyses  cited 
below. 

Alameda  County :  Small  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  on  Cedar 
Mountain,  about  twenty-two  miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Calaveras  County :  Veins  occur  near  San  Andreas. 

Fresno  County :  A  very  pure  magnesite  occurs  in  veins  on  Kings 
River,  nine  miles  east  of  Sanger. 

Kern  County:  Some  veins  are  found  near  Walker's  Pass,  east  of 
Bakersfield. 

]Mendocino  County :  Pure  white  veins  on  Hixon  ranch,  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Cloverdale. 

SiO,.         AI0O3        Fe^Oa         CaO  MgO  CO2 

0.41  O.L'S         0.12         0.0:5         ^T.K;         .n.SS  =nO.SS  per  cent 

Napa  County :  A  large  numl)er  of  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  of 
the  county.  Very  prominent  in  Chiles  Valley,  about  thirteen  miles 
from  Rutherford.     Analyses  of  the  mineral  from  this  locality  gave : 

SiOo          AL.O:,        FeoOs  CaO  MgO              COo  HoQ 

2.1.",         1.22         l.Ki  .",.2S  41.01  4S.72  __  =   99.54  per  ceut 

l.Sl                 O.OS  tr.  40,..-,.-.  .-,1.2.:>  0.32  =100.01 

«>.6S  l.-,.lo            __  __  37.20  40.!ts  __  =   99.90 

Veins  also  occur  on  the  east  side  of  Pcpe  Valley,  in  Soda  Creek 
Canyon,  and  in  the  serpentine  of  Beryessa  Valley. 

Nevada  County :  Narrow  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  at  Nevada 
City. 

Placer  County:  Veins  occur  near  Damascus  and  ^Michigan  Bluff  and 
at  Gold  Run. 

Riverside  County :  Veins  are  found  in  a  hill  of  serpentine,  about 
three  miles  south  of  Winchester,  which  are  worked  for  cement  purposes. 

SiO,.  Al.O...       Fe:;():,         CaO  MgO  CO,. 

4.7:!         0.12         O.OS         (».4:!         44.77  40.40  =99.33  per  lent 

San  Francisco  County:  Small  veins  occur  in  the  serpentine  at  Fort 
Point. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Small  veins  on  the  Kiscr  ranch  al)out  nine 
miles  northwest  of  Cambria. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Sonn'  \citis  cxisi  in  tln'  mountains  back  of 
Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Clara  (  ountv  :  Larsje  veins  exist   in  the  l)ial)lo  Range  in  the 


94  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

northeast  corner  of  the  county.     An  analysis  of  quite  pure  magnesite 
from  the  Alameda  claim  gave : 

SiOa         AI2O3        FeoOa         CaO  MgO  CO2 

0.73         0.14         0.21         0.40         46.61         51.52         =99.61  per  cent 

An  analysis  of  buif-colored  silicious  magnesite  from  the  Cochrane 
ranch,  about  four  miles  from  Morgan  Hill  Station,  gave : 

SiOi  AI2O3        FeoOs         CaO  MgO  CO2 

49.85         3.45         0.18         0.48         21.53         23.96         =99.45  per  cent 

Analysis  of  the  mineral  from  veins  in  serpentine  near  Coyote  gave : 

SiOs  AI2O3        FeoOa        CaO  MgO  CO2 

0.30         0.16         0.38         1.34         45.86         51.80         =99.74  per  cent 

Sonoma  County:  There  are  numerous  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  the 
county,  and  Hess  gives  several  analyses.  1.  Veins  four  miles  north  of 
Cloverdale  called  the  Creon  deposit ;  2.  Eckert  ranch,  near  Cloverdale ; 
3.  William  Creek  deposit  on  steep  west  side  of  creek,  about  seven  miles 
northwest  of  Guerneville ;  4.  Red  Slide  deposit  in  valley  of  East  Austin 
Creek,  about  eight  miles  north  of  Cazadero. 


SiOs 

AI2O3 

Fe203 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

1. 

1.60 

0.25 

1.09 

1.04 

45.20 

50.43 

=  99.61  per  cent 

{  0.51 

1.98 

0.16 

0.59 

45.84 

50.80 

=  99.88 

— 

\  0.23 

0.04 

0.20 

0.19 

46.88 

51.57 

=  99.11 

3. 

3.51 

1.10 

0.80 

1.46 

43.65 

49.16 

=  99.68 

4. 

7.67 

0.26 

0.29 

0.04 

48.42 

48.08 

=  99.76 

Stanislaus  County:  The  veins  of  the  American  Magnesite  Company 
extend  across  the  line  from  Santa  Clara  County. 

Tula.re  County :  A  large  amount  of  magnesite  has  been  mined  from 
veins  on  hills  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Porterville.  Hess  gives 
several  analyses  of  the  mineral  from  this  county.  1.  From  the  serpen- 
tine hills  near  the  chrysoprase  locality,  about  eight  miles  southeast  of 
Porterville;  2.  On  range  of  hills  about  four  miles  northeast  of  Porter- 
ville :  3.  From  veins  on  South  Fork  of  Tule  River. 


SiOo 

AI2O3         FesOa 

CaO 

MgO 

CO2 

0.31 

0.11         0.08 

0.24 

47.22 

51.64 

=  99.60  per  cent 

^  2.2s 

0.03         0.26 

1.32 

45.17 

50.74 

=  99.80  } 

/  0.90 

0.49 

1.49 

44.39 

50.06 

i 

O.SO 

0.42         0.20 

1.02 

45.94 

51.30 

=  99.68 

Small  veins  also  occur  in  Round  Valley,  about  four  miles  east  of 
Lindsay;  on  Rocky  Hill,  about  two  miles  east  of  Exeter,  with  eali- 
fornite ;  near  Naranjo  with  white  opal ;  and  near  Auckland. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  95 

123.     SI  DERITE— Spathic    Ore. 

Carbonate  of  iron,  FeCOa 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedial.  Crystals  with  curved  faces,  also  massive. 
Cleavage  perfect  rhoiubohedral.  Color  ash-gray  to  dark  brown.  Vitreous  to 
pearly  luster.     H  =  3.5  —  4  ;  G  =  3.S. 

The  iron  carbonate  is  occasionally  found  in  the  mining  regions  in 
drusy  crystallizations  associated  with  pyrite  and  galena,  but  the  mineral 
does  not  appear  to  be  very  common  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County :  Small  masses  have  been  found  at  the  Custer  mine, 
Coso  district. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Some  massive  siderite  occurs  in  the  Tejunga 
Canyon. 

Shasta  County :  According  to  Fairbanks^^^  siderite  occurs  in  large 
masses  in  this  county  east  of  the  Stillwater  region. 


124.      RHODOCHROSITE. 

Carbonate  of  manganese.   MnCOj. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Small  crystals  and  massive.  Cleavage  per- 
fect rhombohedral.  Color  rose-red.  Vitreous  luster.  11  =  3.5  —  4.5;  G  = 
3.45  —  3.60. 

Few  good  specimens  of  the  rose-red  car])onate  have  been  found  in  the 
State.  The  mineral  is  generally  found  in  gold-silver  regions  where 
manganese  is  associated  with  the  veins. 

Butte  County :  The  mineral  has  been  found  on  the  North  Fork,  of  the 
Feather  River. 

Placer  County :  Small  druses  of  the  mineral  have  been  found  in  some 
of  the  mines  of  the  county. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Good  specimens  occur  at  the  Xew  York 
mine  near  Manvel. 


125.     SMITHSONITE— Dry   Bone. 
Carbonate  of  zinc,  ZnCOs. 

He.xagonal.   rhombohedral.     Drusy  crystals  and  massive  ;   often  boue-like. 
Color  grayish,  bluish,  greenish.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  5;   G  =  4.45. 

Smithsonite  is  a  secondary  mineral  more  often  found  in  silver-lead 
districts.  It  is  usually  associated  with  lead  carbonate  and  the  silicates 
of  zinc. 

Inyo  County:  Found  with  eerrusite  at  the  Modoe  mine,  Cerro  Gordo, 
nanks<6). 

Present  also  at  the  Ignacio  mini'  with  cabniiim'  and  willemite. 


96  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Kern  County :  Occurred  in  drusy  veins  at  the  Jewett  mine  on  Cot- 
tonwood Creek. 

San  Bernardino  County :  With  calamine  at  the  Cuticura  mine,  near 
Daggett. 


126.     ARAGONITE. 

Carbonate  of  calcium,  CaCO^. 

Orthorhombic.  Slender  prisms,  aciciilar.  fibrous,  stalactitic.  massive. 
Colorless,  white,  yellow,  brown.  Vitreous  luster.  11  =  3.5  —  4:  G-:2.93  — 
2.95. 

The  distinction  lietween  calcite  and  aragonite  has  seldom  been  made, 
and  much  of  the  banded  onyx  marble  of  the  State  has  been  erroneously 
called  aragonite.  The  fine  snow-white  branching  stalactitic  form  of 
aragonite,  called  ''flos  ferri,"  is  exceptional  in  its  occurrence  in  the 
State. 

Calaveras  County:  Fine  stalactites  of  "ilos  ferri"  have  come  from  a 
cave  near  Murphy. 

Colusa  County:  Found  with  sulphur  at  Sulphur  Creek. 

Placer  County :  Said  to  occur  at  Gold  Run. 

San  Benito  County:  Occurs  in  the  rocks  adjoining  the  benitoite  veins 
as  radiate  bunches  and  stringers  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito 
River,  Louderback*^). 

San  Bernardino  County:  Said  to  have  occurred  with  priceite,  Silli- 
man<^),  probably  from  Calico.  Occurs  with  calcite  in  the  limestone  of 
Slover  Mountains  near  Colton. 

San  Francisco  County :  Found  as  thin  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  Fort 
Point,  Eakle<i>. 

Solano  County :  Some  aragonite  is  formed  at  the  Tolenas  Springs. 

Tuolumne  County:  Occurs  as  bunches  in  the  basaltic  rock  of  Table 
Mountain. 


127.     STRONTIANITE. 

Carbonate  of  strontium,  SrCOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Columnar  masses,  fibrous,  granular.  Cleavage  pris- 
matic. Color  white,  pale  green,  yellowish.  Vitreous  luster.  11  =  3.5  —  4; 
G  =  3.68  — 3.71. 

The  strontia  compounds  are  very  rare  in  the  State,  and  the  carbonate 
has  only  been  found  in  one  locality. 

Plumas  County :  Large  masses  of  divergent  columnar  strontianite 
were  found  in  the  Genessee  Valley. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  97 

128.     CERUSSITE. 

Carbonate  of  lead,  PbCOa. 

Orthorhombric.     Platy  crystals.     Generally  massive.     Color  gray,  cream- 
white,  brown.     Adamantine  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  —  3.5;  G  =  GA(j  —  6.57. 

The  carbonate  of  lead  is  a  coininon  alteration  product  of  galena,  and 
in  all  mines  carrying  much  lead  sulphide  it  is  to  be  found  in  the 
oxidized  iiortion  of  the  veins.  It  generally  occurs  as  heavy  gray  or 
])rown  masses,  but  is  occasionally  found  in  cream-white  platy  crystals 
in  the  porous  ore  and  galena  cavities.  In  silver  districts  it  is  frequently 
rich  in  silver  and  forms  the  chief  ore. 

Inyo  County:  Large  crystals  were  found  in  the  Russ  district,  AV.  P. 
Blake' ■'>. 

A  common  mineral  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  and  other  silver  districts  of 
the  county. 

Mono  County:  Common  in  the  Blind  Springs  district,  Goodyear'^i^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  the  hornsilver  districts  of  Calico  and 
Barstow  the  lead  carbonate  was  a  very  prominent  mineral,  Lindgren<^i\ 
Storms'!'. 

Very  prominent  in  the  Silver  Reef  district  near  Oro  Grande. 


129.     BISMUTOSPHAERITE. 

Carbonate  of  bismuth.  Bl-CO;. 

Concentric  globular  with  radiating  fibers.     Color  bright  ytllow  to  brown. 
H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  7.30. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  formed  by  the  alteration  of  bismuth 
minerals,  and  is  always  secondary. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  grayish  black  masses  and  as  a  yellow 
powder  from  the  alteration  of  native  bismuth  at  Pala,  Schaller^*\ 


130.      PHOSGENITE. 

Chlorocarbouate  of  lead   (PbCUX'Oa. 

Tetragonal.     I'rismatic    crystals.     Color    white    to    yellow.     Adamantine 
luster.     n  =  2.5  — 3;  G  =  G. 

This  is  a  very  rare  lead  compound,  and  but  one  locality  in  tlie  State 
is  known  for  its  occurrence. 

Inyo  County:  A  specimen  was  found  of  acicular,  straw-yellow 
crystals  in  (juartz  at  the  Silver  Sprout  mine,  Hanks^^^ 


7—8560 


98  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

131.     NORTHUPITE. 

Double  carbonate  of  sodium  and  magnesium  with  sodium  chloride. 
NaoCOH.MgCOs.NaCl. 

Isometric.     Octahedral  crystals.     Colorless  to  brownish.     Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.38. 

Northupite  is  a  new  mineral,  only  known  to  occur  in  this  State. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  small  dirty  white  and  dark  brown 
octahedrons  of  the  combined  carbonates  and  chloride  were  discovered 
in  1895  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  and  named  by  Foote'^^\  An  analysis 
was  made  by  Pratt*  i\ 

COo  Cl         SO3       MgO      Na^O      HoO     Insol.  O   for   CI 

35.12     14.10     O.OS     16.08     36.00     0.72     0.22     =100.31 —  3.16=100.1.j  per  cent 


132.     TYCHITE. 

Double  carbonate  of  sodium  and  magnesium  witli  sodium  sulphate. 
2MgC03.2Na.C03.Na„SO,. 

Isometric.     Small    octahedral    crystals.     Color    white.     Vitreous    lusrer. 
H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.58. 

This  new  mineral  was  found  with  northupite,  and  likewise  is  only 
known  from  the  one  locality. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  few  small  octahedrons  of  the  combined 
carbonates  and  sulphate  were  mixed  with  the  northupite  crystals  and 
discovered  in  1905  and  named  by  Penfield  and  Jamieson'^^^ 


S03 

COo 

MgO 

Na.O 

15.08 

33.55 

15.83 

35.40 

=  00.95  per  cent 

15.06 

33.45 

15.77 

35.65 

=  00.93 

133.     MALACHITE— Green    Copper. 
Basic  carbonate  of  copper,  CuCOs.CuCOH);. 

Monoclinic.     Fibrous,  radiating  tufts,  botryoidal,  stalactitic.     Color  green. 
Streak  green.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  3. .5  —  4;  G  =  4. 

Malachite  is  to  be  found  practically  in  every  locality  where  there  is 
the  least  trace  of  copper,  as  it  is  the  common  alteration  mineral  of 
copper  compounds.  As  an  indication  of  the  presence  of  copper,  it 
occurs  in  green  coatings  and  stains,  and  in  the  oxidized  portion  of 
copper  veins  it  often  forms  beautiful  drusy  and  velvety  crystallizations. 
Azurite  is  often  associated. 

Amador  County :  Fine  reniform  masses  have  come  from  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Frequently  seen  at  Campo  Seco  and  Copperopolis, 
but  more  as  stains  than  as  good  specimens.  Fine  specimens  came  from 
the  old  Hughes  mine,  W.  P.  Blake'^). 

Inyo  County :  Good  drusy  malachite  occurred  in  the  Cerro  Gordo 
district. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  99 

Mariposa  County:  Fine  drusy  coatings  Avere  found  in  tlie  AVhite 
Rock  mine. 

Mono  County :  Connnon  alteration  mineral  in  the  Blind  Springs 
district. 

Plumas  County :  Good  specimens  associated  with  hornite  and  chalco- 
cite  occur  in  Light's  Canyon. 

San  Bernardino  County :  One  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Calico 
district ;  also  ({uite  common  in  the  oxidized  copper  ores  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county. 


134.     AZU  RITE— Blue    Malachite. 
Basic  carboutite  of  copper,  2CuC0;j.Cu(0H)o. 

Mouoclinic.  Good  crystals,  massive,  earthy.  Color  deep  azure-blue. 
Streak  light  blue.  Vitreous  to  adamautine  luster.  H  =  3.5  —  4;  G=3.77 
—  3.83. 

The  blue  azurite  is  not  so  common  as  the  green  malachite  with  which 
it  is  usually  found.  It  occurs  generally  in  aggregates  of  distinct 
crystals,  often  lining  cavities  in  limonitic  and  malachitic  masses.  Most 
copper  districts  may  have  some  azurite  formed  as  an  oxidation  mineral. 

Calaveras  County:  Fine  crystals  occurred  with  malachite  at  the  old 
Hughes  mine,  W.  P.  Blake^^^ 

Mono  County :  Crystals  on  limonite  from  the  Diana  mine  had  the 
forms:  (001),  (T02),  (012),  (Oil),  (110),  (111),  Jackson^s). 


135.     AURICHALCITE. 
Basic  carbonate  of  zinc  and  copper,  2(Zn,Cu)C033(Zn,Cu)  (OH);. 

Monoclinic.     Plumose,  tabular,  laminated.     Color  pale  green,  bluish  green. 
Streak  like  color.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  2;  G  =  3.54  — 3.G4. 

This  is  a  very  rare  secondary  mineral,  and  has  only  been  found  in  one 
locality  in  the  State. 

Inyo  County :  Plumose  aggregates  and  long  prismatic  crystals 
associated  with  calamine  and  chrysocoUa  occurred  in  specimens  from 
the  Cerro  Gordo  mine.  Has  been  mentioned  from  this  locality  by 
Rogers^^\ 


136.     HYDROZINCITE. 
Basic  carbonate  of  zinc. 

Massive    and    earthy.     Generally    as    incrustations.     Snow-white    color. 
Dull  luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  3.5S  — 3.8. 

Hydrozincite  is  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  from  the  alteration 
of  sphalerite.     It  is  rare  in  the  State. 


100  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Inyo  County :  Thick  layers  of  the  wliite  carbonate  occur  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine  with  sphalerite,  willemite  and  calamine;  has  been  men- 
tioned from  this  locality  by  Rogers^^\ 


137.     DAWSONITE. 
Basic  carbonate  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  Na3Al(C03)3.2Al(OH)3. 
Monoclinic.     Incrustations.    Color  white.    Vitreous  luster.    H  =  3;G  =  2.4. 

Dawsonite  is  a  very  rare  mineral,  and  occurs  in  arid  regions  as  white 
crusts. 

Inyo  County :  Reported  to  occur  as  a  soft  incrustation  in  a  dike  in 
Amargosa  C-anyon,  Bailey ^^\ 


138.     THERMONATRITE. 

Hydrous  carbonate  of  sodium,   NajCOa-HjO. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually  as  efflorescences.     Color   white,   yellowish.     Vit- 
reous  luster.     H  =  l  —  1.5;   G  =  1.5 — -  l.G.     Taste  alkaline. 

This  is  a  very  rare  mineral  which  forms  as  efflorescences  in  arid 
regions. 

Inyo  County:  Forms  white  efflorescent  coatings  in  Death  Valley, 
according  to  Bailey ^^\ 


139.     GAY   LUSSITE. 

Hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  sodium,   CaCOa.NaoCOa.SHoO. 

Monoclinic.     Flat  wedge-shaped  crystals.     Cleavage  perfect  prismatic.     Color 
white.     Vitreous   luster.     H— 2  — 3;   G  =  1.93  — 1.95. 

This  double  carbonate  is  frequently  formed  on  the  shores  of  soda 
lakes  in  flat  wedge-shaped  crystals.     Found  only  in  dry  regions. 

Mono  County :  Found  in  crystals  on  the  shore  of  Mojio  Lake. 

San  Bernardino  County :  One  of  the  minerals  of  the  Searles  Borax 
Lake,  Hanks^i**^  The  forms  on  the  crystals  from  this  lake  as  determined 
by  Pratt  ^i>  are:  (010).  (001),  (110),  (Oil),  (TOl),  (T12).  Baileyd) 
mentions  it  as  occurring  at  the  Owl  Springs  niter  beds.  . 


140.     NATRON. 

Hydrous   carbonate   of   sodium,    NaoCOs.lOHoO. 
Monoclinic.     Exists    only    in    solution    or    mixed    with    trona.     Tabular 
crystals  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  waters  from  soda  lakes.     Color  white. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  l  —  1.5;   G  =  1.42  —  1.4G.     Taste  alkaline. 

The  normal  carbonate  of  soda  has  not  been  found  in  native  state,  but 
it  exists  in  solution  in  some  of  the  lakes  and  springs  of  the  State. 


MINERALS  OF   CAi:.IFOKNxA.  ,,,_,,  101 

Crystals  of  the  carbonate,  mixed  with  the  bicarbonate,  are  obtained  by 
evaporating  the  water  of  Owens  Lake  and  other  soda  lakes  of  Death 
Valley  and  San  Bernardino  County.  The  solid  contents  of  Owens  Lake 
have  been  analysed  by  Foster^^^  and  Chatard^^^ 


141.     TRONA— Urao. 
Hydrous  bicarbonate  of  sodium.  Na,C03.HNaC03.2ILO. 

Monocliuic.  Slender  crystals  and  fibrous  masses.  Cleavage  perfect  ortho- 
pinacoidal.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  2.5  —  3;  G  =  2.11  —  2.14. 
Taste  alkaline. 

The  bicarbonate  is  the  common  form  of  soda  found  in  lakes  and 
springs.  In  drj^  protected  localities  it  exists  as  crystals  and  finely 
fibrous  coatings. 

Mono  County:  The  solid  contents  of  the  waters  of  Owens  Lake  are 
mainly  troua,  and  the  mineral  occurs  along  the  shores  in  white  layers. 
Chatard^^^  analyses  of  the  solid  matter  of  this  lake  show  it  to  be  over 
90  per  cent  pure  soda. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Soda  is  ([uite  common  in  this  county  at  the 
various  sinks  and  borate  lakes.  At  Searles  Borax  Lake  it  is  the  material 
mined,  and  large  amounts  of  it  have  been  accumulated.  Thick  layers 
of  solid  trona  occur  with  the  borax,  hanksite,  thenardite,  glauberite  and 
other  salts.  Crystals  are  very  common.  They  are  elongated  right  and 
left,  and  have  the  forms:  (100),  (001).  (101),  (302),  (111).  (Til), 
(211),  Ayers'2). 


142.     PIRSSONITE. 
Hydrous  double  carl)ouate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  CaC03.Na;C03.2ILO. 

Orthorhombic.     Hemimorpliic     crystals.     Colorless     to     white.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  3  — 3.5;  G  =  2.3r)2. 

Pirssonite  is  a  mineral  discovered  in  California  in  1896  and  only 
known  from  the  one  locality. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Good  heinimorphic  crystals  of  this  salt  were 
found  with  northupite  and  borax  at  the  New  Well,  Searles  Borax  Lake, 
and  the  mineral  was  described  and  named  by  Pratt'^\  Forms:  (010), 
(110),  (111),  (IIT),  (131),  (311). 

CO2  CaO  Na:..0  KoO  H,.0  .\hO,.         SiOo 

3G.07         23.38         25.70         0.15         14.7.",         0.13         0.20         =100.45  per  cent 


102  .STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

143.     HYDROMAGNESITE— Hydrodolomite. 
Hydrous  carbonate  and  hydrate  of  magnesium,  .3MgCOj.Mg(OH)„.3H20. 

Monoclinic.     Generally  massive  chalky.     Color  white.     Vitreous,  silky  to 
dull  luster.     H  =  3.5,  crystallized;  0  =  2.14  —  2.18. 

Soft  white  veins  of  a  hydrated  magnesite  have  been  found  in  the 
serpentine,  but  most  of  these  veins  are  classed  as  magnesite. 

Alameda  County:  A  specimen  of  hydromagnesite  from  Livermore 
was  analysed  by  Gutzkow^^^ 


SiO-AU^OsFe^Oa 

CaO 

MgO 

COo 

HoO 

Moisture 

i.2r, 

tr. 

43.00 

36.30 

18.70 

0.75 

Inyo  County :  Said  to  occur  in  chalky  and  mealy  crusts  in  spots  along 
the  Amargosa  River,  Bailey^^\ 

Riverside  County :  Crystals  of  hydromagnesite  occur  in  the  calcite 
at  Crestmore  as  an  alteration  product  of  brucite. 

San  Francisco  County :  Small  white  veins  are  found  in  the  serpentine 
of  San  Francisco. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Small  veins  found  in  the  rocks  near  Port 
Harford. 

The  white  veins  in  the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco  are  in  part  hydro- 
lomite  and  in  part  hydromagnesite. 


144.     ZARATITE. 
Hydrous  carbonate  of  nickel,  NiC03.2Ni(OH)„.4H„0. 

Incrustations.     Massive.     Color  emerald  green.     Streak  green.     Vitreous 
luster.     H=3;  G  =  2.57  — 2.69. 

The  emerald  green  nickel  carbonate  is  always  accompanied  by  chro- 
mite,  occurring  as  an  incrustation  on  massive  chromite.  Most  of  the 
green  coatings  on  the  chromite  of  the  State  consist  of  small  uvarovite 
garnet  crystals. 

Fresno  County :  Found  as  coating  on  chromite  near  Madera. 

Monterey  County:  Found  on  chromite  in  this  county,  W.  P.  Blake(^>. 

San  Benito  County:  Found  on  chromite  near  HoUister  and  near 
Panoehe. 


145.     BISMUTITE. 
Hydrous  carbonate  of  bismuth,  Bi^COs.HoO. 

Incrustations  and  earthy.     Color  white  and  dirty  green.     Streak  greenish 
gray.     Vitreous  to  dull  luster.     H  =  4  —  4.5;  G  =  6.9. 

The  carbonate  of  bismuth  is  a  secondary  mineral  formed  by  the  altera- 
tion of  ores  containing  bismuth. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  103 

Fresno  County:  Occurred  at  the  Second  Sierra  and  Lot  One  mines, 
Kings  River. 

Inyo  County :  Found  at  Big  Pine  Creek,  Hanks^^^ ;  also  at  Antelope 
Springs,  Deep  Spring  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County:  White  earthy  bismutite  has  been  found  in  this 
county. 

Mono  County:  Found  at  Oasis,  Hanks^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  as  an  alteration  of  bismuth  at  Pala, 
Schaller^^\ 


104 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


ANHYDROUS  SILICATES. 


Feldspars. 

Orthoclase 

Amphihole   Group. 

Topaz 

Microcline 

Antbophyllite 

Andalusite 

Anorthoclase 

Amphibole 

Sillimanite 

Albite 

Tremolite 

Cyanite 

Ollgoclase 

Asbestos 

Datolite 

Andesine 

Actinolite 

Zoisite 

Labradorite 

Smaragdite 

Saussurite 

Bytownite 

Cummingtonite 

Clinozoisite 

Anorthite 

TJralite 

Epidote 

Pyroxene  Group. 

Asbeferrite 

Allanite 

Enstatite 

Edenite 

Axinite 

Bi-onzite 

Hornblende 

Prehnite 

Hypersthene 

Soretite 

Lotrite 

Pyroxene 

Pargasite 

Ilvaite 

Malacolite 

Carauthiue 

Calamine 

Diopside 

Glaucophane 

Lawsonite 

Diallage 

Crocidolite 

Tourmaline 

Omphacite 

Not  Grouped. 

Dumortierite 

Augite 

Beryl 

Viol  an 

Nosean 

Hedenbergite 

Tvazurite 

Acmite 

Garnet 

Aegirite 

Olivine 

Spodumene 

Iddingsite 

Kunzite 

Willemite 

Hiddenite 

Vesuvianite 

Wollastonite 

Californite 

Pectolite 

Zircon 

Rhodonite 

FELDSPARS. 

The  name  feldspar  is  given  to  a  group  of  alumina  silicates  with 
potash,  soda  and  lime,  whose  members  have  the  general  properties  of 
hardness,  cleavage,  gravity  and  twinning  similar.  They  include :  two 
potash  feldspars,  orthoclase  and  microcline;  a  potash-soda  feldspar, 
anorthoclase;  a  soda  feldspar,  albite;  a  lime  feldspar,  anortlute:  and 
four  soda-lime  to  lime-soda  feldspars  intermediate  between  albite  and 
anorthite,  namely  oligoclase,  andesine,  lahradorite  and  bytownite.  The 
feldspars  are  the  most  abundant  and  most  important  of  the  rock-form- 
ing silicates,  and  the  classification  of  a  volcanic  rock  is  in  general  based 
upon  the  prevailing  feldspar  The  potash  feldspars  are  characteristic 
of  the  acid  volcanics,  while  the  albite-anorthite  feldspars  belong  to  the 
basic  volcanics,  the  terms  "acid  and  basic"  meaning  whether  high  or 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  105 

low  in  silica  percentage.  The  albite-anorthite  feldspars  are  commonly 
called  the  "plagioclase  feldspars,"  and  in  many  petrographic  descrip- 
tions this  name  is  used,  so  that  the  particular  kind  of  feldspar  is  not 
designated.  As  rock-forming  minerals  the  feldspars  are  too  universally 
distributed  to  give  many  localities. 


146.     ORTHOCLASE— Potash   Feldspar. 

Silicate  of  potassium  aud  aluminium,  KAlSisOj. 

Mouoclinic.  Crystals  very  common.  Often  as  Carlsbad  twins.  Perfect 
basal  and  clinopinacoidal  cleavage.  Colorless,  white,  flesh-red.  Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  6  — 6.5;  G  =  2.57. 

Orthoclase  is  an  essential  constituent  of  the  acid  igneous  rocks, 
granites,  syenites,  quartz-porphyries,  rhyolites  and  trachytes,  and  an 
occasional  constituent  of  other  more  basic  rocks.  Large  crystals  often 
form  the  phenoerysts  of  porphyritic  rocks,  and  these  crystals  are  often 
' '  Carlsbad  twins. ' '  The  color  of  granites  is  mainly  due  to  the  color  of 
the  orthoclase,  red  granites  having  orthoclase  colored  by  ferric  oxide. 
Granites,  syenites  and  diorites  are  often  intersected  by  "pegmatite 
veins"  consisting  of  coarse  crystals  and  massive  orthoclase,  with  quartz 
and  mica,  and  these  veins  vary  greatly  in  width,  and  some  can  be 
quarried  for  the  feldspar. 

Adularia  is  a  glassy,  transparent  variety,  sometimes  found  in  large 
crystals. 

Sanidine  is  a  glassy  potash  feldspar,  common  to  rhyolites  and 
trachytes. 

Valencianite  is  a  variety  name  given  to  vein  orthoclase. 


147.     MICROCLINE— Potash    Feldspar. 

Silicate  of  potassium  aud  alumiuium,  KAlSiaOs. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  very  common.  Bases  often  show  rectangular  grat- 
ing structure.  Cleavage  like  orthoclase.  Color  white,  green.  H  =  6  —  6..j  ; 
G  =  2.54  — 2.57. 

Microcline  has  the  same  composition  as  orthoclase,  but  differs  from 
it  in  its  twinning  structure  and  crystallization.  It  is  a  constituent  of 
granites,  syenites,  and  granodiorites  aud  some  of  the  pegmatitic  veins. 

Amazon  stone  is  a  green  variety  which  has  not  been  observed  in  the 
State. 


106  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

148.     ANORTHOCLASE— Potash-soda  Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  potassium,  sodium  and  aluminium,  KAlSiaOg  with  NaAlSijOs  in  varj'ing 

proportions. 

Triclinic.     Crystals    observed    in    rock    sections.     Like   orthoclase   in    its 
physical  properties.     H  =  6  —  6.5  ;  G  =  2.57  —  2.60. 

Anorthoclase  is  a  constituent  of  granites  and  granodiorites  of  the 
State,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned  in  the  petrographieal  descriptions. 


149.     ALBITE— Soda   Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  NaAlSijOg. 

Triclinic.  Crystals  common  and  usually  as  repeated  twins.  Often  mas- 
sive. Cleavage  perfect  basal  and  brachypinacoidal.  Colorless  and  white. 
Vitreous  luster  often  very  glassy.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.62  —  2.65. 

The  soda  feldspar  is  a  common  constituent  of  acid  granites,  acid 
rhyolites,  granodiorites  and  diorites  and  metamorphic  gneisses  and 
schists.  It  forms  very  prominent  white  veins  in  the  crystalline  schists 
of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sierras.  Albite  is  frequent  as  pegmatitic 
veins  in  diorites  and  basic  igneous  rocks. 


150.     OLIGOCLASE— Soda-lime  Feldspar. 

Silicate  of  sodium,  calcium  and  aluminium,  mNaAISigOs  with   /iCaALSioOs,   nearer 

albite  in  composition. 

Triclinic.     Crystals,  usually  twinned  like  albite.     Cleavage  perfect  basal 
and  brachypinacoidal.     Colorless  to  white.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.65  —  2.67. 

A  constituent  of  diorites,  porphyrites,  andesites,  etc.,  and  to  some 
extent  in  granites,  syenites  and  granodiorites.  Occasionally  found  in 
large  white  masses  as  veins  in  diorite  and  other  basic  rocks. 

Moonstone  is  a  soda-lime  feldspar  with  milky  chatoyancy.  Much  of 
the  so-called  moonstone  is  chalcedony. 


151.     AN DESINE— Soda-lime   Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  sodium,  calcium  and  aluminium,  intermediate  between  albite  and  anorthite. 
Triclinic.     Crystals  similar  to  albite.     H  =  5  —  6  ;  G=2.6S  — 2.60. 

A  constituent  of  diorite,  gabbro,  porphyrite,  andesite  and  other  basic 
rocks.     Only  observed  as  a  microscopical  constituent. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  107 

152.     LABRADORITE— Lime-soda    Feldspar. 
Silicate    of    calcium,    sodium    aud    alumiuium,    CaALSioOg    with    NaAlSijOs,    nearer 

auortbite  iu  composition. 

Tricliuic.     Small  twinned  crystals  in  rocks ;  sometimes  massive  with  twin- 
ning striations.     Properties  like  oligoclase.     H  =  5  —  6;   G  =  2.70  —  2.72. 

An  essential  constituent  of  most  basic  eruptive  rocks  such  as  diorites, 
gabbros.  diabases,  andesites  and  basalts.  Sometimes  it  occurs  as  veins 
of  large  cleavable  masses. 


153.     BYTOWNITE— Lime-soda     Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  calcium,  sodium  and  aluminium,  near  anortbite  in  composition. 
Triclinic.     Properties  like  oligoclase.     H  =  5  —  6;  G  =  2.72. 

A  common  constituent  of  very  basic  rocks  like  gabbros,  diabases  and 
basalts,  associated  with  labradorite  and  anortbite. 


154.     ANORTHITE— Lime    Feldspar. 
Silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,   CaALSioOs. 

Triclinic.     Generally  in  small  crystals  as  a  rock  constituent.     Properties 
like  oligoclase  and  labradorite.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G  =  2.74  —  2.76. 

Anortbite  is  the  most  basic  of  the  feldspars,  and  is  a  constituent  of 
the  very  basic  rocks,  especially  gabbros,  diabases  and  basalts. 


A  few  of  the  localities  where  feldspars  have  been  noticed  may  be 
cited. 

Calaveras  County :  Large  crystals  of  orthoclase  occur  at  Mokelunme 
Hill.  Albite  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  schists  of  the  Mother  Lode. 
Crystals  of  albite  from  the  old  Stanislaus  mine,  Carson  Hill,  had  the 
forms:  (010),  (001),  (Til).  (TOl)  (ITO),  (130),  (021).  Jackson(3). 
Crystals  from  Angels  had  the  forms :  (010),  (110),  (ITO),  (111),  (nl), 
(001),  Genth(2). 

The  mineral  from  Angels  was  analysed  by  Genth. 

SiO-      AI0O3       Fe»03     CaO      Na^O        KoO        H2O 
<>S.39     19.65       0.41       0.47     10.07         tr.         0.21         100.10  per  cent 

Valencianite  occurs  five  miles  east  of  Milton  in  small  prismatic  crystals. 
Forms:   (160),  (lOT),  (001)  and  (010),  Rogers<s>. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Albite  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  chlorite 
and  actinolite-schists  of  the  county.  Numerous  white  veins  of  the 
mineral  intersect  these  schists.  Prominent  as  veins  in  the  actinolite 
schist  near  San  Pablo  and  analysed  by  Blasdale^^^ 


HoO 

SiOo 

AloO.., 

CaO 

Na;0 

at  100°     ab  100° 

•  >7.09 

20.47 

0.24 

10.90 

0.27         0.59 

99.02  per  cent 

108  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

El  Dorado  County:  Large  white  crystals  of  orthoclase  occurred  at 
the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fairplay  with  bornite,  molybdenite, 
epidote  and  axinite.  Massive  red  orthoclase  occurs  with  tourmaline  at 
Buck's  Bar,  Cosumnes  River.  Small  colorless  crystals  of  adularia  have 
})een  found  on  the  south  side  of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake  with  forms  (110), 
(TOl),  (001),  and  (010).  They  are  associated  with  pale  green  diopside, 
Rogers^^^ 

Inyo  County:  White  argentiferous  orthoclase  occurred  at  the  "White 
Lime  mine.  Deep  Spring  district.  Glassy  adularia  was  found  in  good 
crystals  at  Rialto  in  the  Funeral  ]\Iountains. 

Kern  County:  White  orthoclase  was  reported  from  the  Long  Tom 
mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  White  veins  of  labradorite  occur  near  Lang. 
Labradorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  rocks  on  Mount  Gleason. 

Marin  County :  Albite  veins  are  common  in  the  schists  of  the  county. 
Crystals  from  the  lawsonite  schist  at  Reed  Station  have  the  forms: 
(001),  (010),  (021),  (021),  (TOl),  (201),  (150),  (130),  (Til).  (Til), 
(T12),  (T31),  (221),  (120),  (350),  (110),  (ITO),  (130),  (112).  (221), 
(241),  (312),  Schaller(io). 

Mariposa  County:  Orthoclase  occurs  with  black  tourmaline  and 
molybdenite  in  the  granites  of  the  Yosemite  Valley. 

Mono  County:  Orthoclase  is  found  in  pegmatitic  veins  in  the  Blind 
Spring  district. 

Monterey  County :  Large  phenocrysts  of  orthoclase  occur  in  the 
porphyritic  rock  at  Pacific  Grove  and  Cypress  Point.  The  potash 
feldspar  is  quarried  near  Chualar  for  pottery. 

Nevada  County :  Anorthoclase  and  microcline  are  constituents  of  the 
diorite  and  granodiorite,  and  labrodorite,  bytownite  and  anorthite  of  the 
diorite  and  gabbro  of  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren*^^>. 

Plumas  County:  Albite  is  a  constituent  of  the  syenite  of  Spanish 
Creek,  Murgoci^^^  Oligoclase  was  described  by  Lawson^^^  as  a  con- 
stituent of  plumasite  from  Spanish  Peak  and  the  mineral  was  analyzed 
by  J.  NeM'field. 

SiO»  AI2O3  CaO  NaoO  H^O 

61.36         22.97  5.38  S.OS  1.72         =  99.51  per  cent 

San  Benito  County :  Albite  occurs  in  grayish  and  greenish,  minute 
twinned  crystals  in  the  rock  surrounding  the  veins  of  benitoite  and 
neptunite  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River.  Forms :  (001), 
(010),  (110),  (ITO),  (120),  (130),  (130),  (TOl),  (iTl),  (Ul).  (n2), 
(131),  (221),  Louderback<^). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Veins  of  orthoclase  occur  in  the  mountains 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county.  Massive  red  orthoclase  occurs 
near  Manvel. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  109 

San  Diego  County :  Albite  was  mentioned  as  a  constituent  of  some  of 
the  rocks  of  the  county  by  Kroustchoilf*^>  and  analysed  by  him. 

SiO;      Ti02    AI2O3      FeoQs       CaO       MgO       KoO       NaeO        Ign 

G3.1T     tr.     21.14       0.74       1.20       0.04       1.70       9.20       O.SO     =99.89  per  cent 

Large  veins  of  acid  pegmatite  consisting  of  albite,  orthoclase  and 
microeline  intersect  dark  gray  diorite  at  Pala,  Mesa  Grande,  Rincon  and 
Ramona.  as  Avell  as  northward  into  Riverside  County,  and  these  veins 
carry  large  crystals  of  gem  tourmaline  and  associated  minerals.  Large 
crystals  of  the  feldspars  occur  in  these  veins  showing  Carlsbad,  Baveno 
and  albite  twinning  structure.  Crystals  of  albite  at  the  Victor  mine, 
Rincon.  occur  tabular  to  (OIU)  with  forms  (010),  (001),  (110),  (iTO), 
(130i.  (101),  (201),  (Til),  (TTl),  Rogers < 2) 

Anorthite  is  a  constituent  of  the  orbicular  gabbro  at  Dehesa  and  was 
analysed  by  Schaller,  Lawson'"\ 

SiOs  AI2O3  CaO  NaeO 

44.39         3G.55         IS.oo  0.S3         =100.32  per  ccut 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Labradorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  teschen- 
ites  at  Point  Sal  and  was  analysed  by  Fairbanks' ^\ 

SiOj        "   AI2O3  CaO  NaoO  K2O  Ign 

o2.72         30.4G         11.01  3.70  0.42  1.44         =   99.73  per  cent 

Santa  Clara  County :  Oligoclase  is  a  constituent  of  the  glaucophane 
rocks  of  this  county,  Murgoci^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Veins  of  orthoclase  occur  on  Tom  Xeal  Mountain. 

Tulare  County :  White  crystals  of  orthoclase  occur  at  Three  Rivers. 

Tuolumne  County :  Large  crystals  of  orthoclase  are  found  on  Sul- 
livan Creek.     Graphic  granite  is  common  at  Soulsbyville. 


155.     ENSTATITE. 
Silicate  of  magnesium,  MgSiO;;. 

(Jrihorliumbic.  Generally  massive,  lamellar.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  greenish  or  brownish  gray  to  brown.  Pearly  to  vitreous  luster. 
H  =  o.o;  G  =  3.1  — 3.3. 

Enstatite  is  a  rock-forming  mineral  whicii  is  characteristic  of  gab- 
broitic  rocks  and  rocks  that  have  been  derived  from  gabbros,  like  mucii 
of  the  serpentinized  rocks  of  the  Coast  Range  and  of  the  Sierras.  It  is  a 
rather  common  mineral  l)ut  has  seldom  been  mentionetl. 

Bro)izit(  is  a  variety  in  which  part  of  the  magnesia  is  replaced  by 
iron.     It  occurs  in  l)ronze-brown  reticulated  nuisses. 

Alameda  County :  Bronzite  occurs  in  some  of  the  rocks  of  the  Berke- 
ley Hills,  Hanks<6). 


110  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Massive  enstatite  is  found  in  the  Diablo  Range 
in  this  and  other  counties  to  the  south. 

Del  Norte  County :  Specimens  of  enstatite  have  come  from  this 
county. 

Kern  County :  Bronzite  Avas  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  San 
Emidio  meteorite  and  was  analysed  by  Whitfield^^^ 

SiOs  FeO  MsO  CaO 

54.42         14.03         29.11  9.46         =100.02  per  cent 

Mariposa  County ::  Massive  bronzite  occurs  in  the  gabbroitie  rock  of 
the  old  Mariposa  estate. 

Nevada  County :  Enstatite  is  a  constituent  of  the  gabbros  of  Nevada 
City,  Lindgren(^>. 

San  Francisco  County :  Enstatite  or  bronzite  occurs  abundantly  in 
the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco,  Lawson'^*,  Palache'^^^  Eakle'^'. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Found  in  the  serpentine  at  San  Simeon. 

Tuolumne  County :  Light  green  enstatite  occurs  in  the  gabbro  between 
Jamestown  and  Montezuma  and  also  near  Jacksonville. 


156.     HYPERSTHENE. 

Silicate  of  iron  and  magnesium   (Fe,Mg)Si03. 

Orthorliombic.  Generally  massive,  foliated.  Cleavage  perfect  brachj- 
pinacoidal.  Color  brownish  green  to  brown.  Pearly  to  vitreous  luster. 
H  =  5  — 6;  0  =  3.4  —  3.5. 

The  dark  brown  hypersthene  is  a  constituent  of  basic  eruptive  rocks, 
especially  gabbros  and  andesites. 

Plumas  County :  A  constituent  of  the  hypersthene  andesite  at  La 
Porte,  Turner ^i\ 

San  Diego  County :  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  orbicular  gabbro  at 
Dehesa,  Lawson^^^ 

San  Francisco  County:  A  constituent  of  the  dikes  cutting  the  serpen- 
tine of  San  Francisco,  Palache^^^ 

Siskiyou  County :  Mentioned  by  J.  D.  Dana'^^  as  a  constituent  of  the 
hypersthene  andesite  of  Mount  Shasta. 


157.     PYROXENE. 
Silicate  of  calcium  and  maguesiimi.  CaMgCSiO^)-.  with  or  without  mixtures  of 

Fe,Al,Na  and  K. 

Monoclinic.  Prismatic  crj'stals,  granular.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  generally  some  shade  of  green,  often  nearly  white,  brown,  black. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  — 6;  G=3.2  — 3.6. 

The  pyroxenes  are  very  important  rock-forming  minerals,  the  alumina 
variety  augite  being  an  essential  constituent  of  most  of  the  basic  erup- 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  Ill 

tives  and  is  occasionally  found  in  syenites  and  granites.  The  light 
colored  non-aluminous  varieties  are  more  characteristic  of  metamorpliic 
limestone  and  schist. 

Malacolite.  Lime-magnesia  pyroxene,  CaMg(Si03)2.  A  white  py- 
roxene often  found  in  crystalline  limestone  near  contact  with  eruptives. 

Diopside.  Lime-magnesia  pyroxene,  CaMg(Si03)2  with  ferrous  iron. 
A  light  to  deep  grass-green  pyroxene,  characteristic  of  crystalline  lime- 
stone, metamorphosed  eruptive  and  some  schists. 

Diallagc.  Lamellar  or  fibrous  p.vroxene  near  diopside  in  composition. 
Characteristic  of  gabbros. 

Omphacitc.  A  granular  non-aluminous  pyroxene.  Characteristic  of 
eclogites  in  association  with  garnet. 

Augitc.  Iron-alumina  pyroxene.  Dark  green  to  black  and  com- 
monest of  all  the  pyroxenes.  An  essential  constituent  of  diorites, 
gabbros,  diabases,  basalts,  andesites,  pyroxenites  and  other  basic 
eruptives.  Mentioned  in  all  petrographic  descriptions  of  basic  igneous 
rocks. 

Viola n.     A  variety  name  for  a  violet-colored  augite. 

Hedenbergite.     An  iron-rich  pyroxene. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Diopside  is  common  in  the  schists  with  albite 
near  San  Pablo  and  has  been  described  and  analysed  by  Blasdale^^^ 

SiOo  AI2O3        FeoOs        FeO  MgO  CaO 

Fresh    51.91         3.55         l.'JO         2.65         16.15         22.85 

Altered 49.62         2.97         2.49         2.99         19.72         19.14 

H2O 
NaoO      at  100°    ab.  100°      TiOo  MnO 

Fresh 0.56         0.21         0.86         O.16         0.33  =100.47%" 

Altered 0.60  __  2.71  __  __  =100.24 

El  Dorado  County :  Diallage  is  a  constituent  of  gabbro  on  ^Mount 
Diablo. 

Inyo  County:  Masses  of  malacolite  have  come  from  the  Panainint 
Mountains. 

Lake  County :  Violan  occurs  in  Big  Canyon. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Large  light  green  crystals  of  diopside  are  found 
near  San  Pedro. 

Nevada  County:  Diallage  is  a  constituent  of  tiie  gabbro  at  Nevada 
City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Diallage  occurs  in  gabbro  near  Grizzly  Peak,  Tur- 
ner(i\ 

Riverside  County :  Crystals  of  pale  green  diopside  occur  in  the  lime- 
stone at  Crestmore. 

San  Francisco  County:  Crystals  of  diallage  occur  in  the  serpentine  of 
San  Francisco,  Erman^^\  Lawson^^)^  Palache^^) 


112  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

San  Mateo  County:  Diallage  occurs  in  gabbro  near  Crystal  Springs. 
Santa  Barbara  County :  Augite  as  a  constituent  of  teschenite  at  Point 
Sal  was  analysed  by  Fairbanks^^\ 

SiOo        AI2O3     FeoOa       FeO      CaO       MgO    NaoOK^O  Ign 

46.59       9.69       1.03       4.75     21.38     13.89       1.23       1.22     =99.78%     G  =  2.338 

Santa  Clara  County :  Diallage  occurs  at  Los  Gatos  Creek.  Ompha- 
cite  is  a  constituent  of  eclogite  in  the  Calaveras  Valley,  Murgoci'^^\ 

Shasta  County :  Hedenbergite  occurs  associated  with  ilvaite  at  Pot- 
ter "s  Creek,  Prescott^^^ 

Tulare  County :  Specimens  of  white  malacolite  have  come  from  this 
county. 

Tuolumne  County :  Diallage  occurs  in  the  gabbro  of  Rawhide  Ranch. 


158— ACMITE— AEGYRITE. 

Silicate  of  sodium  aod  irou,  essentially  NaFeCSiOs),. 

Monoclinic.     Prismatic  crystals.     Color  browu  or  dark  greeu.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  6  —  6.5  ;  G  =  3.50  —  3.55. 

Acmite  and  aegyrite  are  rock-forming  minerals  more  prominent  in 
syenites.  Their  occurrence  in  California  has  not  been  mentioned  in 
petrographical  literature. 

San  Benito  County :  A  specimen  of  rock  containing  prisms  of  acmite 
has  come  from  some  locality  near  Hollister.  Aegyrite  occurs  in  stellate 
groups  in  the  albite  associated  with  benitoite  and  natrolite,  at  the 
benitoite  locality  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River,  Louder- 
back'2\ 


159.     SPODUMENE. 

Silicate  of  lithium  and  aluminium,  LiAUSiO,),. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  sometimes  very  large.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  grayish  white,  emerald-green,  lilac,  amethystine.  Vitreous  luster. 
.H  =  6.5  — 7;  G  =  3.13  — 3.20. 

Spodumene  is  found  in  large  crystals  and  cleavage  masses  in  peg- 
matitic  veins  where  lithia  is  present.  It  is  commonly  associated  with 
the  lithia  mica,  lepidolite,  and  with  lithia  tourmaline. 

Knnziie  is  a  beautiful  transparent  variety,  lilac  or  amethystine  in 
color. 

Hiddenite  is  an  emerald  green  spodumene. 

Riverside  County :  Some  kunzite  occurs  in  the  San  Jacinto  Moun- 
tains, near  Coahuila,  Schaller^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  The  transparent  lilac  variety  discovered  in 
1903  and  named  kunzite  by  Baskerville^^^  and  which  is  used  as  a  gem, 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  113 

occurs  ill  the  peginatite  veins  at  Pala  with  the  gem  tourmaline,  although 
not  very  abundant  nor  in  large  pieces.  Most  of  it  is  in  flat  cleavage 
pieces  but  fair  crystals  have  been  found  with  the  forms:  (010),  (100), 
(110),  (130),  (350),  (320),  (121), (112),  Schaller^^).  The  mineral  has 
been  further  described  by  Baskerville  and  Kunz^^^  and  analysed  by 
Schaller'2)  and  by  Davis<i>. 

SiOs      AI2O3    MnoOs  LioO     Na^O    KjO    CaO  MgO  NiO  MnO  ZnO    Ign. 
Schaller  64.42     27.32     0.15     7.20     0.39     0.03     __      __     __     __     __     none  =  99.61 

Davis  __64.05     27.30        —     6.88     0.30     0.06  0.80  none  0.06  0.11 0.44     0.15  =100.15 

A  few  crystals  of  hiddenite  and  some  masses  of  white  spodumene  have 
also  been  found  at  Pala,  with  the  kunzite,  Schaller^^). 

Kunzite  also  occurs  sparingly  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  in  tabular 
crystals,  some  of  them  twinned  as  seen  by  the  natural  etch-figures. 
Forms:  (100),  (110),  (010),  (320),  (130),  (021),  (111),  (Til), 
Rogers^'\ 


160.     WOLLASTONITE. 

Silicate  of  calcium,  CaSiOj. 

Monoclinic.  Generally  in  fibrous  masses.  Cleavage  perfect  ortho- 
pinacoidal.  Color  white,  gray,  rose.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  4.5  —  5.0; 
0  =  2.8  —  2.9. 

AVollastonite  is  formed  as  a  contact  metamorphic  mineral  especially 
near  the  contact  of  eruptives  with  limestone.  Usually  found  as  com- 
pact fibrous  masses  either  white  or  pink. 

Del  Norte  County :  White  divergent  masses  found  near  Crescent 
City. 

Lake  County :  White  drusy  wollastonite  has  come  from  Dry  Creek, 
near  ]\liddletown. 

Napa  County :  Massive  white  occurs  in  Hunting  Creek  Canyon,  near 
Knoxville. 

Nevada  County:  White  and  pink  are  found  as  contact  minerals  at 
Grass  Valley. 

Riverside  County :  Fibrous,  columnar  and  fine  granular  wollastonite 
occurs  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore  as  one  of  the  contact 
metamorphic  minerals.  An  analysis  of  the  fine  granular  by  Eakle 
gave: 

SiOo  FeaOs  CaO  H2O 

51.77  2.12  44.85  1.02       =   99.70  per  cent 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Divergent  fibrous  masses  having  a  pale  rose 
color  have  been  found  at  Santa  Ynez. 

Tehama  County :  Found  at  Glenbrook  Lake. 

S— S560 


114  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Tuolunme  County :  Found  on  North  Mokelumne  River  near  Bear 
Creek  and  analysed  by  Hillebrand,  Turner (^\ 


SiOo 

TiOo 

AI2O3 

FeoOa 

FeO 

CaO           MgO 

K2O 

Na^O 

50.67 

0.20 

G.77 

0.31 

0.50 

40.34         0.58 

H2O 

at  110°     ab. 110° 

0.08         0.31 

0.22 

CO2 
0.52 

0.14 
=  100.24% 

161     PECTOLITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  calcium  and  sodium,  HNaCaoCSiOs);. 

Monoclinic.     Generally  fibrous  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  orthopinacoidal. 
Color  white.     Luster  silky  to  vitreous.     Hi=5;G  =  2.68  —  2.78. 

White  fibrous  pectolite  occurs  as  veins  and  patches  in  altered  basic 
dikes  and  flows,  and  in  serpentinized  rocks. 

San  Francisco  County :  Fibrous  pectolite  occurs  as  veins  in  an  altered 
dike  which  intersected  the  serpentine  at  Fort  Point.  Described  and 
analsyed  by  Eakle(i>.     Forms:  (001),  (100),  (540),  (140). 

SiOs        AloOsFesOa       CaO  Na^O        H2O 

58.40  3.87  30.56         7.61         4.46         =   99.90  per  cent 

Tehama  County:  Large  mass  occurred  in  serpentine  on  Elder  Creek 
and  M'as  analysed  by  Eitel,  Preston^^^. 

Si02  AlsOsFezOa       CaO  Na^O         K2O 

56.84  1.27  33.46         3.45         3.97         =   99.63  per  cent 


162.     RHODONITE. 

Silicate  of  manganese,  MnSi04. 
Triclinic.     Crystals  often  large.     Generally  massive  or  in  grains.     Cleav- 
age   perfect    prismatic.     Color    rose-red.     Vitreous    luster.     H  =  5.5  —  6.5; 
G= 3.4  — 3.68. 

The  manganese  silicate  is  often  present  in  copper  and  silver  veins 
where  oxide  of  manganese  is  abundant  and  it  is  usually  associated  with 
pyrolusite  or  psilomelane.  It  is  generally  developed  as  a  contact  min- 
eral in  veins. 

Alameda  County :  Some  rhodonite  occurs  at  the  Corral  Hollow 
deposit. 

Butte  County :  Found  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Feather  River  with 
rhodochrosite. 

Plumas  County:  Considerable  manganese  occurs  in  the  Genessee, 
Meadow  and  other  valleys  and  canyons  of  the  county,  and  some  good 
red  rhodonite  has  come  from  them.  Occurred  with  copper  at  the 
Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Valley,  Hanks^^^,  Turner(^>. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  115 

Siskij'ou  Comity :  Fine  speeimeus  of  rhodonite  occur  at  Sawyer's  Bar. 

Tulare  County :  Some  good  gem  rhodonite  occurs  about  three  miles 
north  of  Lemon  Cove. 

Tuolumne  County :  Found  with  pyrolusite  on  Rose  Creek,  near 
Columbia. 


163.     ANTHOPHYLLITE. 

Silicate  of  magnesium  and   iron.    (Mg.Fe)Si03. 
Ortliorhombic.     Coramonly    lamellar   or   fibrous.     Cleavage    perfect    pris- 
matic.    Color  brownish  gray,  brownish  green.     Vitreous  luster.     H:=o.5  — 
G;  G  =  3.1  — 3.2. 

Anthophyllite  is  a  metamorphic  mineral  occurring  in  schists  and 
gneisses.  It  is  usuallj'  found  in  fibrous  and  bladed  masses,  and  is  not 
uncommon,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Filirous  masses  of  anthophyllite  occur  in  the 

schists  near  San  Pablo  and  the  mineral  has  been  analysed  by  Blasdale^^\ 

The  analysis  shows  the  mineral  to  be  somewhat  serpentinized. 

H2O 

SiO-2  AI0O3  Fe^Oa  FeO  MgO  CaO  NaoO         at  100°     ab.  100° 

33.6G  1.36  0.34  4.S0  38.70  0.48  0.98  0.24       19.79 

MnO 
tr.      =100.26  per  cent 

San  Bernardino  County:  Occurs  in  the  Slate  Range,  Hanks^^^ 


164.     AMPHIBOLE. 
Silicate   of   calcium   and    magnesium,    CaMg^(SiO,)4   with    or   without    isomorphous 
mixtures  of  Fe.Al  and  Na. 
Monoclinic  ciystals,  columnar,  fibrous,  granular.     Cleavage  perfect   pris- 
matic.    Color  white,  gray,  green,  brown,  black.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  —  6; 
0  =  2.9  —  3.4. 

The  amphiboles  are  similar  to  the  pyroxenes,  and,  like  them,  are  very 
important  rock-forming  minerals.  They  occur  in  metamorphic  and 
igneous  rocks,  and  the  common  varieties  are  to  be  found  in  every 
county.  There  are  numerous  varieties  and  those  found  in  the  State 
will  be  briefly  mentioned. 

TremoUte.  Lime-magnesia  amphibole,  CaMgo(SiO;,)4.  Common  as 
a  metamorphic  mineral  in  schists  and  crystalline  limestones  in  white 
or  gray  long  prismatic  and  fibrous  aggregates. 

Asbestos  is  a  soft  fibrous  form  of  amphibole  having  the  composition  of 
tremolite  or  actinolite.  Much  of  the  asbestos  of  the  State  is,  however, 
serpentine-asbestos,  which  is  a  hydrous  form  of  magnesium  silicate. 

Mountain  cork  and  Mountain  leather  are  cork-like  and  leathery 
masses  of  tremolite. 


116  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

AdinoUtc.  Lime-maguesia-iron  amphibole,  Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si40i^.  Very 
abundant  in  the  schists  of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierras.  Generally 
found  in  reticulated  long  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  fibrous.  Color 
is  bright  grass  green  to  dark  green. 

Smaragdite  is  an  emerald-green  foliated  variety  of  actinolite. 

Cunimingtomic  is  an  iron-magnesia  amphibole  similar  to  anthophyl- 
lite. 

Uralite  is  an  amphibole  derived  by  the  alteration  of  pyroxene.  The 
process  of  change  from  pyroxene  to  amphibole  is  called  ' '  uralitization. ' ' 

Asbcferrite  is  a  variety  of  tremolite. 

Edeniie  is  a  light  green  aluminous  variety  of  amphibole. 

HornMende.  A  lime-magnesia-iron-alumina  amphibole  similar  to 
augite  in  its  general  composition.  Hornblende  is  the  commonest  of  the 
amphiboles  and  is  found  in  large  cleavage  masses  to  fibrous.  Common 
color  is  black  to  very  dark  green,  sometimes  brown.  Hornblende  is 
characteristic  of  the  acid  and  intermediate  eruptive  rocks  while  augite 
is  characteristic  of  the  basic.  Hornblende  forms  large  areas  of  schists 
or  amphibolites  and  is  also  a  constituent  of  granite,  syenite,  diorite, 
rhyolite  and  trachyte.     Less  common  in  gabbro,  diabase  and  basalt. 

Soretite  is  an  amphibole  showing  some  optical  differences  from 
hornblende. 

Porgasite  is  an  amphibole  between  hornblende  and  glaucophane  in 
composition,  but  is  generally  classed  as  hornblende. 

CarintJiinc  is  an  amphibole  between  hornblende  and  glaucophane  in 
composition. 


Amador  County :  Sheets  of  mountain  leather  with  mountain  cork 
have  been  found  at  the  Little  Grass  Valley  mine.  Pine  Grove. 

Butte  County :  Hornblende  is  the  most  abundant  constituent  of  a 
quartz-amphibole  diorite  on  ridge  between  this  and  Plumas  counties 
and  has  been  analysed  by  Valentine,  Turner^^^-^^). 

SiOo          TiOo        AI2O3        CroOs        FeoOa        FeO           MnO         CaO  MgO          Na^O 

50.08         0.76         7.97         0.16         2.69         G.71         0.49         11.31  16.31          1.22 

K„0  H,.0        P2O5 

0.46         1.40         tr.         09.46  per  cent 

Contra  Costa  County :  Tremolite  and  actinolite  are  common  in  the 
schists  north  of  Berkeley  and  near  San  Pablo,  and  have  been  analysed 
by  Blasdale(i>. 


Tremolite 
Actinolite 


SiOo 
56.68 

AI0O3 
1.79 

FeoOa  FeO 
1.70     2.23 

MgO 
19.35 

CaO 
15.80 

H2O 
NaoO     KoO  at  100°  ab.  lOO" 

__      0.10     2.25  =99.90% 

55.21 

3.45 

__      7.49 

18.97 

10.50 

2.45       __        __      1.75   =99.86 

55.56 

2.05 

__      5.97 

19.45 

12.13 

1.94    0.30       __      2.58  =99.98 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  117 

El  Dorado  Coiiuty :  Large  cleavage  masses  of  black  hornblende  occur 
with  orthoclase,  bornite,  molybdenite,  epidote  and  axinite  at  the  old 
Cosumnes  Copper  mine  near  Fairplay. 

Inyo  County:  INIasses  of  mountain  cork  are  found  in  the  Swansea 
district  and  in  Craig 's  Canyon  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Inyo  Mountains. 

Marin  County :  Actinolite  is  connnon  in  the  lawsonite  schist  of  Reed 
Station. 

]\Iariposa  County:  Hornblende  is  a  constituent  of:  1,  the  gabbro 
of  Beaver  Creek,  near  Big  Trees;  and,  2,  of  a  quartz-monzonite  on 
Tioga  road,  southeast  of  Mount  Hoffman,  Turner (^>^").  The  first  has 
been  analysed  by  Valentine  and  the  second  by  Hillebrand. 

SiOo  TiOo  Al.Qa      V^Oa        Fe^Os       FeO  MiiO      NiO  CaO  MgO 

1.  46.08         0.77         10.50         __         2.81         8.30         0.15         __         12.64        14.40 

2.  47.49         1.21  7.07       0.04        4.8S       10.69         0.51       0.02        11.92         13.06 

NaoO        KoO         Li20         at  100°    ab.  100°     PsOs  F 

1.62         0.34       uoue         0.17         1.97         0.18       uone     =   99.99% 

0=F 
0.75        0.49         tr.  __  1.86        uoue       0.06     =100.05  —  0.02  =  100.03 

Mendocino  County:  Actinolite  occurs  at  Calpella. 

Mono  County :  Long  prisms  of  hornblende  occur  in  the  cavities  of 
lava  near  Bridgeport,  with  forms:  (001),  (010),  (100),  (110),  (201), 
(021),  (T31),  Schaller(6). 

Nevada  County :  Hornblende  occurs  in  large  crystals  in  the  granodio- 
rite  of  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren"'^  Uralite  is  common 
in  the  diorite  of  this  locality. 

Placer  County :  Large  masses  of  asbestos  are  found  at  Wisconsin  Hill 
and  Arizona  Flat. 

Plumas  County :  Edenite  is  a  constituent  of  the  plumasite  of  Spanish 
Peak,  Lawson^^^ 

San  Benito  County:  Actinolite  occurs  in  the  veins  and  wall-rock  in 
capillary  bunches  at  the  benitoite  locality,  Louderback^^)  Good  speci- 
mens at  Tres  Pinos. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Cummiugtonite  has  been  found  near  Dag- 
gett, with  calcite.     Asbeferrite  occurs  at  Halleek. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Actinolite,  smaragdite,  soretite,  pargasite  and 
caranthine  occur  in  the  eclogites  of  Oak  Ridge  and  Calaveras  Valley, 
Murgoci^i^  J.  P.  Smith(i>.     Specimens  twelve  miles  east  of  Gilroy. 

Sonoma  County:  Large  crystals  of  actinolite  occur  in  foliated  talc, 
near  Petaluma.  Mentioned  by  W.  P.  Blake^^^  Smaragdite  occurs  in 
the  glaucophane-gneiss  near  Santa  Rosa,  Murgoci^^\ 

Tuolumne  County:  White  fibrous  tremolite  occurs  in  the  marble 
near  Columbia ;  asl)estos  near  Chinese  Camp  and  IMontezuma ;  mountain 
cork  at  Sawmill  Flat  and  on  Table  Mountain. 


118  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


165.     GLAUCOPHANE— Blue   Hornblende. 
Silicate  of  sodium,   aluminium,  iron   and  magnesium,   essentially   NaAl(Si03)o. 

(Fe,Mg)SiO.. 

Monoolinic.  Generally  fibrous  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  prismatic. 
Color  deep  blue  to  bluish  black.  Streak  grayish  blue.  Strongly  pleochroic. 
A'itreous  luster.     H  =  6  —  6.5  ;  G  =  3.1. 

Glaiicophane  is  a  constituent  of  schists  and  gneisses  which  have  been 
formed  by  nietamorphism  of  igneous  rocks  containing  a  high  percentage 
of  sodium.  Extensive  areas  of  glaucophane  rocks  exist  in  California 
along  the  Coast  Range  and  they  have  Ijeen  described  by  Becker^^^, 
Ransome<2),  Lawson^D,  Palache'^),  J.  P.  Smith^i\  Murgoci^i),  Hanks^^), 
and  others. 

Crossitc.  This  name  was  given  by  Palache^^^  to  a  mineral  which 
differed  from  glaucophane  in  its  optical  orientation  and  with  a  com- 
position between  it  and  riebeckite. 

Contra  Costa  County :  The  glaucophane  from  the  schists  near  San 
Pablo  was  analysed  by  Blasdale'^i^. 

SiOs     AloO.f    FeoOa    FeO     MgO      CaO     NaoO     K^O     HoO     TiO-     MnO 
54.52       9.25     4.44     9.81     10.33     1.98     7.5G     O.IG     1.78     0.39     0.4G      =100.68% 
52.39     11.29     3.74     9.13     11.37     3.03     6.14       tr.      2.57     0.14       tr.       =  99.80 

Crossite  was  found  in  a  boulder  on  the  liillside  north  of  Berkeley  and 
was  described  by  Palache*^^  as  a  new  amphibole,  with  analysis  by 
W.  S.  T.  Smith. 

SiOo      AI2O3    FeoOa     FeO    MnO  MgO     CaO    NaoO     K2O       H2O 

55.02     4.75     10.91     9.46     tr.     9..30     2.38     7.62     0.27     undet.      =99.70% 

San  Benito  County :  A  glaucophane  resembling  crossite  occurs  in  the 
natrolite  vein  carrying  the  benitoite  near  the  headwaters  of  the  San 
Benito  River,  and  was  analysed  by  Blasdale,  Louderback*^^^ 


H2O 

SiOo 

AI2O3 

FeO 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO 

Na^O 

K2O 

at  100°    ab.  100 

52.94 

3.76 

1.3.40 

1.44 

11..54 

5.45 

5.11 

0.43 

1.31         3.72 

:  99.10% 

Santa  Clara  County:  Murgoci"^^^  mentions  glaucophane  as  a  con- 
stituent of  eclogite,  quartzite,  mica  schist  and  greenstone  in  the  Cala- 
veras Valley. 


166.     CROCIDOLITE. 

Silicate  of  sodium  and  iron,  essentially  NaFe(Si03)o.FeSi03. 

Mouoclinic.     Usually    fibrous.     Cleavage    perfect    prismatic.     Color   deep 
blue  or  green.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  4;  G  =  3.2  —  3.3.     Pleochroic. 

A  rock-forming  mineral  similar  to  the  amphiboles  and  glaucophanes 
but  not  so  common. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  119 

Cataplioritc  is  a  soda-iron  crocidolite  between  berkevikite  and  arfved- 
sonite  in  optical  characters. 

Lake  County:  Fibrous  veins  of  blue  crocidolite  are  said  to  occur  in 
schist  near  Lakeport. 

Plumas  County :  Crocidolite  and  cataphorite  occur  in  the  syenite  of 
Spanish  Peak.  Murgoci^^^. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Cataphorite  is  a  constituent  of  diorite  at  Oak 
Ridge,  Calaveras  Valley,  Murgoci^^\  Crocidolite  occurs  as  bluish 
fibrous  seams  in  metamorphic  rock  east  of  Mount  Hamilton,  and  an 
analysis  of  it  by  A.  K.  Schellinger  is  given  hy  Rogers'-^^ 


SiOe 

AI2O3 

Feo03 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

NaoO(by  diff.) 

HoO 

50.  G.J 

0.90 

19.21 

21.70 

0.79 

0.39 

4.93 

1.43 

167.     BERYL. 

Silicate   of   beryllium   and   aluminium,    BejAloSioOis- 

Hexajronal.     Prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  very  large.     Color  green,  blue, 
rose,  yellow.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  7.5  —  S  ;  G  =  2.63  —  2.80. 

Beryl  is  found  as  crystals  varying  greatly  in  size  in  acid  pegmatite 
veins,  generally.  All  the  beryl  known  to  occur  in  the  State  is  limited 
to  the  series  of  feldspathic  pegmatite  veins  of  Riverside  and  San  Diego 
counties,  in  which  the  beautiful  gem  tourmalines  occur.  Transparent 
aquamarine,  golden,  deep  green  and  blue  crystals,  forming  beautiful 
gems  when  cut,  occur  in  these  pegmatites. 

Riverside  County :  Fine  yellow  and  green  beryls  occur  at  Coahuila 
and  rose  crystals  near  Hemet. 

San  Diego  County :  Yellow,  green  and  blue  crystals  occur  in  the 
Palomar  Mountains,  nine  miles  southeast  of  Pala :  Some  rose,  yellow 
and  green  occur  at  Pala  and  Mesa  Grande.  Green  crystals  from  Rincon 
have  the  forms :  (lOTO),  (0001),  (lOTl),  (1120),  (1121),  (2130),  (1122), 
(I3.I.T4.I1  and  rose  crystals  the  forms :  (lOlO),  (1121),  (lOTl),  (0001), 
(2131).  Eakle^e).     Mentioned  l)y  Kunz^'),  Schaller'^),  and  Rogers<2). 

Tuohimne  County:  W.  P.  Blake^^^  reported  beryl  from  near  James- 
town. 


168.     NOSEAN  —  Noselite. 
Silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium  with  sodium  sulphate,  Na4(NaSOi.Al)  AL(SiO,)3. 
Isometric.     Granuhir.     Color  gray,  blue,  brown.     H3:5.5  ;  G=2.25  —  2.4. 

A  rare  rock-forming  mineral  characteristic  of  nepheline  rocks  which 
are  unknown  in  the  State. 

San  Bernardino  County:  There  is  a  specimen  of  nosoan  rock  from 
Calico  exhibited  in  the  museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 


120  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

169.     LAZURITE— Lapis-Lazuli. 

Silicate  of  sodium  and   aluminium  with   sodium   sulphide,   Na^(NaS3.Al)AL( 8104)3. 

Isometric.     Massive.     Color    deep     azuro-blue     or    violet-blue.     Vitreous 
luster.     H=:5  — 5.5;  0  =  2.38  —  2.45. 

The  blue  ornamental  mineral  lapis-lazuli  is  rare,  and  is  only  definitely 
known  to  occur  in  one  locality.  A  blue  lazulite  and  a  bine  dumortierite 
have  been  erroneously  reported  as  lazurite. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Small  boulders  of  limestone  containing  lapis- 
lazuli  with  pyrite  occur  in  the  bed  of  San  Antonio  Creek,  near  Uplands. 
The  boulders  come  from  an  old  prospect  which  was  thought  to  be  a 
silver  deposit. 

Madera  County:  Specimens  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the 
Minaret  Mountains. 

San  Bernardino  County :  A  small  boulder  of  gray  limestone  con- 
taining lapis-lazuli,  pyrite,  diopside  and  an  unknown  mineral  was 
reported  as  coming  from  this  county  by  Rogers* 5\  It  is  possibly  a 
stray  boulder  from  the  Los  Angeles  deposit. 


170.     GARNET. 

Silicate  of  Ca,Mg.Al,re,Cr,Mu,  etc.,  forming  several  varieties. 

Isometric.  Rhombic  dodecahedi'ous  and  trapezohedrous  very  common. 
Also  compact  to  granular  massive.  Color  generally  some  shade  of  red  ;  often 
yellow,  brown,  green,  black  and  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H=:6.5  —  7.5; 
G  =  3.1 5  — 4.3. 

Garnet  is  one  of  the  very  common  minerals  of  the  State  and  probably 
all  of  the  known  varieties  occur.  It  is  generally  a  product  of  meta- 
morphism  and  is  common  in  metamorphic  rocks  such  as  gneiss,  schist, 
quartzite  and  crystalline  limestone.  As  a  contact  mineral  formed  by 
the  intrusion  of  igneous  rock  into  limestone  and  other  rock  it  is  often 
fcund  in  fine  large  crystals.  Common  constituent  of  beach  .sands  and 
of  the  concentrates  of  mining  districts.  There  are  several  varieties 
based  on  composition. 

GrossuJarite,  essonite,  Injacinih,  cinnamon  stone.  Lime-alumina  gar- 
net, CaAloSi..(0,..  Connnon  as  a  contact  mineral  in  crystalline  lime- 
stone. Generally  a  light  shade  of  red  or  green,  sometimes  almost 
white,  and  when  clear  forms  a  valued  gem. 

Pyrope.  Magnesia-alumina  garnet,  Mg^ALSisOi.-  Occurs  usually 
in  serpentine  and  peridotite.     Deep  blood-red  color. 

Almandite.  Iron-alumina  garnet,  Fe.jAl.Si^jOio.  Common  garnet  of 
gneisses  and  schists.     Brownish  red  and  sometimes  of  gem  value. 

Andradite.  Lime-iron  garnet,  Ca.FeoSiaOi.-  Common  garnet  of 
gneisses  and  schists.     Rarely  clear  enough  for  gems. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  121 

Topazolite.  Lime-iron  garnet,  Ca3Fe.,Si30io.  Occurs  usually  in 
crystalline  limestone  and  schist.     Yellow  garnet. 

Spessartite.  Manganese-alumina  garnet,  MngALSiaOi,-  Occurs  usu- 
ally in  pegmatite  veins.     Light  rose  shade. 

Uvarovite.  Chrome  garnet,  CagCroSigOi,.  Generally  found  as  crys- 
tals coating  massive  chromite.     Color  emerald-green. 

Trautwinitc,  which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  b}-  Goldsmith*^^, 
appears  to  be  a  mixture  of  uvarovite  and  chromite. 

Alpine  County :  The  old  Kogers  copper  claim  in  Hope  Valley  was 
located  in  garnet  rock.  W.  P.  Blake^^^  reported  fine  green  grossularite 
from  this  valley. 

Butte  County :  Red  and  brown  garnet  was  common  in  the  sands  of 
the  gold  washings  at  Cherokee,  Silliman^'^^ 

Calaveras  County :  Found  at  Bald  Point  on  Mokelumne  River ;  in 
the  gravels  at  San  Andreas. 

Del  Norte  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Crescent  City.  Gilbert 
Creek.  Smith  River. 

El  Dorado  County :  Large  crystals  of  grossularite  have  been  found  at 
the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine.  Good  crystals  nine  miles  southeast  of 
Placerville.  Massive  at  Pilot  Hill,  W.  P.  Blake^^^  Common  near 
Georgetown. 

Fresno  County :  Occurs  at  Fresno  Flat,  Grub  Gulch  and  Fort  Miller. 

Humboldt  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  Orleans. 

Inyo  County :  Crystals  and  massive  garnet  are  found  in  the  Coso  and 
Inyo  mountains.  Fine  large  crystals  of  grossularite  occurred  associ- 
ated with  white  massive  datolite  and  greenish  brown  vesuvianite  at  the 
San  Carlos  mine  and  the  mineral  was  analysed  by  J.  L.  Smith^^^ 

SiOi  AI2O3         FeoOs        MnOa        CaO  MgO 

42.01         17.7G         5.00         0.20         35.01         0.13  =100.17%         G  =  3.59 

Kern  County :  Massive  near  Hot  Springs  l)etween  Havilah  and  Kern- 
ville  and  on  summit  between  Walker's  Basin  and  Havilah. 

Lassen  County:  Common  at  the  Diamond  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  In  sands  at  Mount  Meadows. 

j\Iarin  County :  Andradite  crystals  are  common  in  the  schist  of  the 
Tiburon  Peninsular. 

Mariposa  County:  Massive  ])rown  almaiidite  occurs  on  Mount  Hoff- 
man. Good  crystals  are  found  at  the  junction  of  Moore  Creek  and 
Mokelumne  River. 

Mendocino  County:  Common  in  the  sands  at  Fort  Bragg. 

Monterey  County :  Common  in  the  sands  of  the  Los  Burros  district. 
Uvarovite  has  been  found  coating  chromite  in  the  county.     Trautwinite, 


122  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  by  Goldsraith*^^^,  from  this  county, 
appears  from  the  analysis  to  be  a  mixture  of  uvarovite  and  chromite. 

Si02        CiY-Oa        FesOs       AI2O3       CaO        MgO        Ign. 

21.78       38.39       13.29       0.81       18.58       7.88       0.11       =100.84%       G  =  3.505 

Nevada  County :  In  the  concentrates  of  the  Rough  and  Ready  district. 
With  wollastonite  ^  Grass  Valley,  Liudgren^^^ 

Orange  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  near  Anaheim.  Pale 
apple-green  pebbles  of  grossularite  were  found  near  El  Toro  and 
analysed  by  Steiger,  Clarke^^^ 

SiOo    TiOo    AI0O3    FeoOa    FeO       CaO       MgO     Alk    P2O5    Ign. 

37.54     tr.     22.84     0.79     0.26     36.66     0.44     0.13     tr.     1.74  =100.40%     G  =  3.485 

Placer  County :  Essonite  is  found  at  Deer  Park,  and  on  the  American 
River  near  Towle.     Uvarovite  has  been  found  on  chromite  near  Auburn. 

Plumas  County :  In  sands  at  Nelson  Point  and  at  the  Good  Hope 
mine. 

Riverside  County:  One  of  the  minerals  in  the  concentrates  at  Hol- 
comb.  Occurs  massive  at  the  Santa  Ana  tin  district.  Hyacinth  or 
essonite  is  found  at  Hemet.  Abundance  of  grossularite  and  some 
andradite  garnet  occurs  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore, 
associated  with  vesuvianite,  diopside  and  wilkeite.  An  analysis  of  the 
grossularite  by  J.  Buford  Wright  gave : 

SiOs       AI0O3    FeoOs    FeO      CuO      CaO      MgO    NasO    H2O 

35.52     21.11     3.95     O.GO     0.70     36.06     0.78     0.20     1.23  =  100.15%     G  =  3.39 

San  Benito  County :  Fine  green  crystals  were  found  coating  chromite 
and  rhodochrome  at  New  Idria,  Brush^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  Fine  crystals  of  transparent  essonite  garnet  are 
found  in  the  tourmaline  districts  of  Mesa  Grande,  Pala  and  Rincon  and 
these  have  been  extensively  cut  into  gems  under  the  name  ' '  hyacinth. ' ' 
Essonite  also  occurs  about  ten  miles  east  of  Jacumbe  Hot  Springs  with 
vesuvianite  and  quartz.  Garnet  is  found  in  the  Julian  district  and  at 
Ballina.  Spessartite  was  reported  from  Mesa  Grande  but  it  may  have 
been  essonite.     Fine  granular  red  at  Rincon,  Rogers^^) 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Common  in  the  sands  at  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Clara  County:  A  constituent  of  the  eclogites  of  Calaveras 
Valley,  Murgoci^^^  Analysed  from  the  omphacite-eclogite  of  Coyote 
Creek  by  W.  0.  Clarke,  J.  P.  Smith^). 

Si02  AI.O3  FeO  MgO  CaO 

38.69         19.10         26.81         5.07         10.64         =100.38% 

Shasta  County :  Uvarovite  has  been  found  on  chromite  on  Shotgun 
Creek.  Red  garnet  on  Round  Mountain.  Bands  of  garnet  mixed  with 
pyroxene  occur  on  McCloud  River  on  contact  between  diabase  and 
carboniferous  limestone. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  123 

Siskiyou  County :  In  sands  at  Cecilville  and  on  Klamath  River. 

Sonoma  County :  Large  masses  of  garnet  occur  near  Petaluma,  W.  P. 
Blake' '^'. 

Trinity  County :  Uvarovite  has  been  found  at  Carrville. 

Tulare  County:  White  massive  grossularite  was  found  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  county,  which  was  analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz*^'^\ 


HoO 

SiOo 

TiOo 

Al.Oa 

FecOa 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

MnO 

at  100°     ab. 100° 

3S.o9 

-- 

22.24 

0.45 

0.36 

35.97 

0.G4 
CO2 
0.39 

0.10 
F 
0.17 

0.31          0.80 
=  100.02% 

Essonite  in  good  crystals  occurs  at  Three  Rivers.  Topazolite  was 
found  at  the  Old  Soldier  mine.  Drum  Valley,  twelve  miles  northeast  of 
Visalia.     Aplome,  a  manganese  andradite.  was  found  near  Visalia. 

Tuolumne  County :  With  epidote  at  Mutton  ledge ;  in  schist  on  Jarvis 
ranch  and  at  Soulsbyville. 


171.     MONTICELLITE. 

Silicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium,   CaMgSiO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Usually  massive  or  in  grains.     Color  yellowish  gray   or 
light  brown.     H  =  5  —  5.5  ;  G  =  3.03  —  3.25. 

A  rare  mineral  formed  by  contact  metamorphism  in  a  magnesian 
limestone. 

Riverside  County :  One  of  the  many  minerals  occurring  in  the  crystal- 
line limestone  at  Crestmore.  It  was  found  massive  and  in  isolated 
grains  in  the  blue  calcite,  associated  with  xanthophyllite.  Analysed  by 
Eakle. 

SiOi  FeO  CaO  MgO 

37.26  3.35  34.26  24.74       =   99.61% 


172.     OLIVINE— Chrysolite— Peridot. 
Silicate  of  magnesia  and  iron   (Mg,Fe)2SiOi. 

Oithurhombic.     Generally    in    grains.     Color    olive-green,    grayish    green. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6.5  — 7;  G  =  3.27  — 3.37. 

Olivine  is  a  rock-forming  mineral  which  is  practically  limited  to  very 
basic  eruptive  rocks  like  diabase,  basalt,  andesite,  gabbro  and  peridotite. 
Occurs  occasionally  in  clear  green  crystals  large  enough  to  cut  into  gems. 

Butte  County:  A  constituent  of  diabase  at  Mooreville  Ridge,  Tur- 
ner'^*.    Also  in  the  concentrates  at  Oroville  and  Cherokee. 

Del  Norte  County :  In  the  sands  at  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek  and 
Smith  River. 


124  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Huiiiboldt  County:  In  the  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  also  in  the 
sands  at  Orleans  Bar  and  Trinidad. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Small  amount  is  found  in  the  sand  at  Ocean 
Park. 

Mendocino  County :  Occurs  in  the  sand  at  Fort  Bragg. 

Nevada  County:  In  the  gabbro-serpentine  series  at  Grass  Valley, 
Lindgren^^\ 

Plumas  County :  A  constituent  of  plumasite  at  Spanish  Peak,  Law- 
son^^^ 

San  Diego  County :  A  constituent  of  the  gabbro  at  Dehesa,  Lawson^*^. 

San  Francisco  County:  In  the  serpentine  of  San  Francisco,  Law- 
son^  2)^  Palache(2\ 

San  Mateo  County :  In  the  beach  sands  of  the  county. 

Santa  Cruz  County:  Small  amount  of  the  crystals  in  the  sands  at 
Aptos. 

Siskiyou  County :  At  the  forks  of  the  Salmon  in  sand. 

Yuba  County :  Quite  a  prominent  constituent  of  the  concentrated 
sands  at  Marysville. 


173.      IDDINGSITE. 

Silicate  of  iron,  magnesium,  calcium  and  sodium. 

Ortliorhombic.     Lamellar    crystals.     Cleavage     perfect    macropinacoidal. 
Color  chestnut-brown  to  yellowish  green.     Bronze  luster.     H  =  2..5;  G=2.S4. 

Iddingsite  is  the  name  given  by  Lawson*^^)  to  a  new  rock-forming 
mineral  similar  to  olivine,  found  in  basic  eruptive  rocks.  Since  its 
discovery  the  mineral  has  been  observed  in  many  other  localities  in 
the  rock  sections. 

Monterey  County :  The  mineral  was  first  observed  in  reddish  sections 
in  the  carmeloite  (augite-andesite)  at  Carmelo  Bay. 


174.     WILLEMITE. 

Silicate  of  zinc,  Zn2Si04. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals  usually  prismatic.  Also  massive  and 
granular.  Cleavage  basal.  Color  light  green,  apple-green,  flesh  red.  Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  .5.5  ;  G  =  3.S9  —  4.18. 

Very  little  zinc  has  been  found  in  the  State  except  in  the  form  of  the 
sulphide  and  carbonate.  Willemite  is  sometimes  found  with  the  more 
common  calamine  as  a  dehydrated  product. 

Inyo  County :  Found  with  calamine  and  hydrozincite  at  the  Ygnacio 
and  Cerro  Gordo  mines. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  125 

175.     WERNERITE— Scapolite. 

Tetragonal.     Usually    massive    granular.     Color    white,    gray    or    pink. 
H  =  5  — 6;  0  =  2.66  —  2.73. 

Scapolite  is  the  name  given  to  a  group  of  rock-forming  silicates  con- 
sisting of  isomorphous  mixtures  of  Ca^AlcSioO.^j  with  Na^AlaSioOo^Cl. 
Wernerite  is  the  most  common  member  of  the  group.  The  scapolites 
are  in  general  formed  by  contact  metamorphism. 

Nevada  County :  Scapolite  occurs  in  a  contact  schist  at  Nevada  City 
and  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^*'\ 


176.     VESUVIANITE— Idocrase. 

Basic   silicate   of   calcium   and    oluminium,    HiCai2(Al,Fe)sSiio043. 

Tetragonal.     Square  prisms,   granular,   massive.     Color  brown   to  green. 
Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6  — 6.5;  0  =  3.35  —  3.45. 

Yesuvianite  is  a  characteristic  mineral  formed  in  limestone  near  the 
contact  with  intrusive  rocks.  It  is  often  associated  with  grossularite 
garnet. 

Calif  or  nite.  A  very  compact  massive  green  vesuvianite,  resembling 
jade,  named  by  Kunz<^'*\     Occurs  as  streaks  and  nodules  in  serpentine. 

Butte  County :  Good  green  californite  occurs  on  the  west  side  of  the 
North  Fork  of  Feather  River,  near  Big  Bar.  It  occurs  as  streaks  and 
nodules  in  serpentine.  Rogers^^^  mentions  some  water-worn  pebbles 
from  the  Feather  River. 

El  Dorado  County :  Brown  crystals  of  vesuvianite  occurred  at  the 
Siegel  Lode,  AV.  P.  Blake<9>. 

Fresno  County:  Californite  occurs  on  east  side  of  Watts  Valley, 
about  thirty-two  miles  east  of  Fresno. 

Inyo  County:  Brownish  green  crystals  were  associated  with  garnet 
and  massive  white  datolite  at  the  San  Carlos  mine.  Analysed  by  J.  L. 
Smith' 1'. 

SiO;  AI2O3        Fe^Os         MnO  CaO  MgO        KoQ  Ign. 

36.56         17.04         5.93        0.18         35.94         1.07         0.51         2.00         =99.23% 

Riverside  County :  Green  and  brown  vesuvianite  masses  and  crystals 
are  common  in  the  crystalline  limestone  at  Crestmore.  Analysed  by 
J.  Buford  Wright :  G  =  3.36. 

SiO:  AI2O3      FeoQs    FeO    MnO     CuO      CaO      MgO    Na...O     H2O 

36.SS         17.61       3.11     0.46     1.50     1.00     33.27     4.73     0.34     0.01  =  99.57% 

San  Diego  County:  Brown  vesuvianite  occurs  with  essonite  garnet 

about  ten  miles  east  of  Jacumba  Hot  Springs,  Kunz^'^^. 


126  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Siskiyou  County:  The  apple-green  variety,  calif ornitc,  outcrops  for 
about  200  feet  along  the  south  fork  of  Indian  Creek,  twelve  miles  from 
Happy  Camp,  and  the  mineral  was  analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz^*\ 


H2O 

Si  On 

TiOo 

AUO, 

Fe.Oa 

FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

at  100=  ab.  100° 

55.86 

0.10 

18.35 

1.67 

0.39 

0.05 

P.'Os 

0.02 

33.51 
CO2 

5.43 
F 

0.20        4.18 
=99.80% 

This  is  the  original  locality  of  the  variety. 

Tulare  County :  Californite  is  found  in  the  ehrj^soprase  locality  east 
of  Porterville.  This  variety  occurs  also  with  white  grossularite  garnet 
in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county,  about  thirty-five  miles  east  of 
Selma.     Analysed  by  Steiger,  Kunz^^^. 


SiOs 
i6.55 

AI2O3 
18.89 

Fe^Os 
0.74 

FeO 
0.74 

CaO 
35.97 

MgO 
2.33 

HoO 

at  100°        ab. 100  = 

0.58             3.42 
F 
0.13         =100.26% 

CO2 
0.91 

177.     ZIRCON. 

Silicate  of  zirconium,  ZrSi04. 

Tetragonal.     Small    prisms.     Colorless,    pink,    grayish    brown.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  7.5;  0  =  4.68  —  4.7. 

Zircon  is  an  almost  constant  accessory  mineral  in  the  acid  eruptive 
rocks,  especially  granites  and  syenites.  The  concentrates  from  the  gold 
washings  and  the  black  sands  generally  carry  some  zircon  crystals,  but 
there  is  no  locality  in  the  State  known  for  "zircon  sands." 

Alameda  County :  Mentioned  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  soda- 
rhyolite  of  North  Berkeley,  Palache^^^ 

Butte  County :  First  mentioned  in  the  State  by  Silliman('>  as  a  con- 
stituent of  the  gold-washings  at  Cherokee.  Has  been  observed  in  the 
sands  at  Oroville,  Sterling  City,  Little  Rock  Creek  and  Brush  Creek. 

Calaveras  County :  In  the  sands  at  Douglas  Flat  and  Wallace. 

Del  Norte  County :  At  Crescent  City,  Gilbert  Creek  and  Smith  River. 

El  Dorado  County:  Sands  of  the  Brownsville  district,  near  Plaeer- 
ville  and  at  Grizzly  Flat. 

Fresno  County :  In  the  sands  at  Picayune  Flat. 

Humboldt  County:  The  beach  sands  at  Gold  Bluff  and  Upper  Gold 
Bluff  contain  a  little  zircon.     Also  found  at  Orleans  and  Trinidad. 

Marin  County:  In  quartzite  near  Reed  Station,  Murgoci'^V 

Mendocino  County:  Observed  at  Fort  Bragg,  in  Anderson  Valley, 
and  on  the  Navarro  River. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  127 

Nevada  County:  A  constituent  of  the  granodiorite  of  Nevada  City, 
Lindgren(^).  Also  in  the  concentrates  at  Nevada  City,  Grass  Valley 
and  Rough  and  Ready. 

Placer  County :  Observed  at  Butcher  Ranch  and  Gold  Run. 

Plumas  County:  In  the  Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Valley,  Turner (4). 
In  the  sands  at  Spanish  Ranch  and  Rock  Island  Hill. 

Riverside  County :  Small  amounts  in  the  sands  at  Holcombe. 

Sacramento  County:  Common  in  the  sands  at  INIichigan  Bar. 

San  Diego  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dumortierite  schist  at  De- 
hesa.  Schaller^^). 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  The  beach  sands  at  Port  Harford  and 
Pismo  contain  some  zircon. 

San  Mateo  County :  The  beach  sands  of  the  county  show  a  little  of 
the  mineral. 

Santa  Barbara  County:  In  the  sands  at  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  At  Aptos. 

Shasta  County:  In  the  sands  from  French  Gulch  and  Redding. 

Siskiyou  County :  In  the  sands  of  Jackson  Creek,  Scott  River,  Salmon 
River  and  at  Sawyer 's  Bar.  Colorless  and  pale  pink  crystals  from  near 
Fort  Jones  have  the  forms:  (100),  (110),  (101),  (111),  (311),  (511), 
Eakle<i>. 

Trinity  County:  At  Trinity  Center,  Burnt  Ranch,  Junction  City, 
Minersville  and  in  the  sands  of  the  streams. 

Yuba  County :  In  the  sands  of  Camptonville. 


178.     TOPAZ. 
Silicate  of  aluminium  aud  fluorine,  AUO.Fs)  AlSi04. 

Orthorliombic.     Prismatic    crystals.     Cleavage    perfect   basal.     Colorless, 
aquamarine,  yellow,  blue.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  S;  G  =  3.4  —  3.65. 

Topaz  occvirs  in  veins  in  metamorphic  and  eruptive  rock  where  fluorine 
has  accompanied  the  formation  of  the  vein.  It  is  usually  associated  with 
tourmaline  aud  other  minerals  whose  formation  has  been  due  to  the 
action  of  gases  on  the  constituents  of  the  rock. 

Butte  County  :  Mentioned  by  Silliman^')  as  a  constituent  of  the  sands 
at  Cherokee.     Probably  mistaken  for  zircon. 

San  Diego  County:  Fine  large  crystals  of  colorless  and  aquamarine 
topaz  occurred  at  the  Little  Three  aud  Sunrise  mines,  a  few  miles  from 
Raraona.     Some  of  them  resemble  the  topaz  from  the  Urals. 


128  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

179.     AN  DALUSITE— Made— Chiastolite. 

•     Silicate  of  aluminium,  Al.SiOj. 

Orthorhombic.     Prisms.     Color    gray,    piuk,     rose-red.     Vitreous    luster. 
11  =  7.5;  G  =  3.16  — 3.20. 

Occurs  as  a  constituent  of  gneisses  and  schists,  and  is  usually  associ- 
ated M'ith  cyanite,  sillinianite  and  staurolite. 

Cliiasfolitc  is  a  variety  found  in  carbonaceous  schists,  in  knotty  and 
long  prismatic  individuals  having  black  inclusions  of  carbon  arranged 
axially,  and  thus  forming  black  crosses  seen  in  the  transverse  sections. 

]\Iariposa  County :  Chiastolite  schists  are  abundant  along  the  Chow- 
ehilla  River  and  were  first  reported  by  W.  P.  Blake^^^  This  variety 
was  mentioned  by  Turner'^^  from  the  Ne  Plus  Ultra  mine,  near  Barenda, 
from  the  Daulton  ranch  near  Indian  Gulch  and  from  Yaqui  Gulch  near 
Mariposa. 

Nevada  County :  Andalusite  is  a  constituent  of  quartzite  at  Grass 
Yalley,  Lindgren*^^^ 

Riverside  County :  Large  crystals  of  pink  andalusite  are  found  near 
Coahuila,  Kunz(^>,  Schaller^^^. 


180.     SILLIMANITE— Fibrolite. 

Silicate  of  aluminium,  ALSiOj. 

Orthorhombic.  Long  slender  prisms  and  fibers.  Cleavage  perfect  brachy- 
pinacoidal.  Color  grayish  and  light  brown.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  6 — 7; 
G  =  3.23. 

A  constituent  of  metamorphic  gneiss  and  schist,  and  usually  with 
cyanite,  andalusite  and  staurolite. 

IMariposa  County :  Occurs  in  the  schists  near  Mariposa,  Turner^*^ 
Fairbanks^i^ 

San  Diego  County :  A  constituent  of  the  dumortierite  gneiss  at 
Dehesa,  Schaller*^^^. 


181.     CYANITE— Disthene. 

Silicate  of  aluminium,  AljSiOo. 

Triclinic.  Long  slender  or  blade-like  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  macro- 
pinacoidal.  Color  sky-blue,  green,  white.  Vitreous  to  pearly  lustei*. 
H  =  5  — 7;  G  =  8.56  — 3.67. 

A  common  metamorphic  mineral  found  in  schists  and  gneisses  with 
andalusite,  sillimanite  and  dumortierite. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  129 

Imperial  County :  Large  blue  boulders  of  dumortierite  rock  found  in 
the  Cargo  Muchacho  district  near  Ogilby  contain  small  crystals  of 
cyanite. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  in  the  schists  near  Los  Angeles. 

Tuolumne  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  on  Yankee  Hill. 


182.     DATOLITE. 
Basic  silicate  of  boron  and  calcium,  HCaBSiOo. 

Monocliuic.     Small  crystals  and  massive.     Colorless  to  white,  often  with 
greenish  tinge.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5 — ^5.5;  G  =  2.9  —  3.0. 

Datolite  forms  veins  of  glassy  crystals  or  white  massive  material  in 
dikes  and  along  the  contact  of  igneous  intrusions  of  diabase  and  diorite. 

Inyo  County :  White  massive  datolite  was  associated  with  vesuvianite 
and  garnet  at  the  San  Carlos  mine  and  was  analysed  by  J.  L.  Smith^^^ 

Si02  B0O3  CaO  H2O 

38.02  21.62  33.87  5.61  =99.12%  G  =  2.988 

San  Francisco  County:  Glassy  crystals  and  white  veins  of  datolite 
occur  in  an  old  altered  diabase  dike  in  the  serpentine  at  Fort  Point. 
Analysed  by  Schaller.  Forms:  (001),  (100),  (110),  (120),  (Oil), 
(012),  (102),  (104),  (T02),  (111),  Til),  (T12),  (T13),  (T14),  (T16), 
(312),  (121),  (231),  (1.1.18),  Eakle(i>. 

HoO 

=99.34% 


183.     20ISITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  HCaaAlaSisOia. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  crystals ;  sometimes  massive.  Cleavage  perfect 
brachypiuacoidal.  Color  grayish  white  to  gi-eenish  gray.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  6  — 6.5;  0  =  3.25  —  3.37. 

Zoisite  belongs  to  the  metamorphic  class  of  minerals  and  is  often 
developed  by  the  metamorphism  of  gabbros  and  diorites.  It  is  not  an 
uncommon  mineral  in  the  State,  but  has  seldom  been  mentioned. 

Saussurite  is  a  mixture  of  zoisite  and  plagioclase  feldspar  formed  in 
gabbros  and  plutonic  rocks  by  alteration  and  pressure,  and  the  process 
of  change  is  called  "  saussuritization. " 

CUnozoisite.  Name  given  to  a  rock-forming  silicate  near  zoisite  in 
composition  but  monoclinic  in  crystallization. 


9—8560 


SiO,, 

AI0O3 

B0O-, 

CaO 

H,0 

36.71 

0.17 

22.11 

33.83 

6.52 

130  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Lake  County :  Mentioned  by  Becker^^^  as  common  in  the  metamorphic 
rocks  at  Sulphur  Bank  and  in  the  Coast  Range.  Analysed  from  Sul- 
phur Bank. 


SiOo 

TiOo 

AI0O3 

Fe.Oa 

FeO 

NiO 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

NaoO 

39.  SO 

tr. 

22.72 

4.85 

1.49 

__ 

0.26 

17.55 

3.89 

4.09 

39.19 

1.17 

22.76 

6.49 

1.78 

tr. 
K2O 
0.12 

0.58 

0.09 
H2O 
5.25 
1.12 

22.02 
P2O3 

tr. 

1.64 

=  100.02% 
=  100.22 

3.38 

Plumas  County :  Found  in  the  Diadem  Lode,  Meadow  Vafley,  Tur- 
ner^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County :  Mentioned  by  Murgoci^^^  in  the  eclogite  of 
Oak  Ridge.  Clinozoisite  also  occurs  as  a  constituent  of  the  eclogites 
of  the  Calaveras  Valley. 

Shasta  County:  Saussurite  was  analysed  by  Clarke^^^  from  a  gabbro 
found  thirty-seven  miles  north  of  Pit  River  Ferry. 

SiOs  AI2O3         FeO  CaO  MgO        NagO         HoO 

42.79         29.43         3.65         18.13         1.40         2.51         2.42         =100.33% 

Sonoma  County:  Found  in  quartzite  at  Pine  Flat,  Murgoci^^^ 


184.     EPIDOTE. 

Basic    silicate    of    calcium,    alumiuiiim    and    iron,    HCa2(Al,Fe)3Si30i3. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals,  massive,  earthy.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
pistachio-green,  dark  green,  dark  brown,  yellow.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  6 
—  7;  G  =  3.25  — 3.5. 

Epidote  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State,  especially  as  an 
alteration  mineral  in  crystalline  rocks.  It  is  often  found  in  aggregates 
of  large  crystals  and  columnar  masses  in  veins  with  quartz  and  feldspar. 

Butte  County :  Mentioned  by  Silliman^'^^  as  a  constituent  of  the  gold 
washings  at  Cherokee. 

Calaveras  County :  Large  crystals  found  at  Bald  Point  on  the  Mokel- 
umne  River,  at  Mokelumne  Hill,  and  at  Copperopolis. 

Contra  Costa  County :  In  the  rocks  on  Mount  Diablo  and  in  the 
Diablo  Range. 

El  Dorado  County :  Fine  large  crystals  occurred  in  a  coarse  vein 
with  orthoclase,  bornite  and  molybdenite  which  were  coated  with  axinite, 
at  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine.  Minute  prisms  in  quartz  at  Placer- 
ville. 

Inyo  County :  Columnar  specimens  have  come  from  near  Inde- 
pendence. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Found  with  bitumen  and  orthoclase  at  White 
Point  and  with  labradorite  near  San  Pedro. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  131 

Madera  County :  Common  on  the  Minaret  Mountains. 

Marin  County:  Occurs  with  hnvsonite  at  Reed  Station,  Ransome^^^. 

IMariposa  County:  Massive  at  Ilornitos.  Also  near  Coulterville  and 
at  Yosemite  Cliff.     On  the  south  side  of  Mount  Hofifman. 

Nevada  County:  Common  near  Glen  Alpine  with  violet  axinite.  At 
Meadow  Lake,  Lindgren  ('')'(5). 

Placer  County :  Near  Newcastle. 

Plumas  County :  With  garnet  and  quartz  on  iMount  Herbert. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Common  in  the  Monte  Negros  district, 
Storms^i>. 

San  Diego  County:  Occurs  as  a  secondary  mineral  with  black  tour- 
maline at  Rincon,  Rogers*^-^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  In  the  eclogite  of  Calaveras  Valley,  Murgoci^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Epidote  from  this  county  Avas  analysed  by  Schaller. 

SiOo           AI2O3         FeaOs        FeO          iInO        MgO  CaO          Na4)         K^O 

38.22        25.12        8.75         1.25         0.19         tr.  22.77         O.il         0.06 

H2O 

at  105°     ab.  105°  TiO^ 

Tulare  County:  Common  in  the  Mineral  King  district,  Goodyear*^!^ 
Large  divergent  columns  at  Eber  Flat  and  at  Three  Rivers.  Also  com- 
mon in  Fraser  Valley. 

Tuolumne  County :  Near  Sonora. 

Yuba  County :  At  Smartsville. 


185.     ALLAN  ITE—Orthite. 

Basic  silicate  of  calcium,  iron,  aluminium  and  cerium. 

Monoclinic.     Flat  tabular  crystals  and  imbedded  grains.     Color  brownisb 
black.     Pitchy  luster.     H  =  5.5  —  6;  G  =  3.5  — 4.2. 

A  constituent  of  some  crystalline  rocks,  but  its  reported  occurrence 
in  the  State  is  doubtful. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Said  to  have  been  found  in  rock  near  Santa 
Barbara. 


186.     PIEDMONTITE. 
Basic  silicate  of  calcium,  aluminium,  manganese  and  iron,  HCa2(Al,Mn,Fe)3Si30u. 

Monoclinic.     Prismatic  crystals.     Color  reddish  brown  and  reddish  black. 
Reddish  streak.     Vitreous  luster.     II=:G.5;  G  =  3.4. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  the  thin  section  of  a  dark  red  quartz- 
porphyry  boulder  from  the  gravels  at  Pacific  Beach,  Rogers^^^. 


132  STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

187.     AXINITE. 

Borosilicate  of  aluminium  and  calcium  ^itb  iron  and  manganese, 
H(Ca,Mn,Fe)3BAL(SiO,),. 
Triclinic.     Thin  wedge-shaped  crystals.     Sometimes  gi'anular  massive. 
Color  clove-brown,  yellow.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6.5  —  7;   G  =  3.27 

Ciystals  of  axinite  are  sometimes  developed  in  the  veins  and  along 
the  contact  of  intrusive  rocks  but  the  mineral  is  rather  rare  in  its 
occurrence. 

El  Dorado  County:  Small  clove-brown  crystals  occurred  embedded 
on  epidote  at  the  old  Cosumnes  copper  mine  near  Fairplay.  They  have 
been  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^i^  Forms:  (110),  (010), 
(120),  (130),  (160),  (1.29.0),  (160),  (270),  (7.11.0),  (110),  (540), 
(430),  (210),  (310),  (510),  (100),  (3l0),  (950). 

SiO:  AloOs         FeO  CaO  MnO        MgO  B2O3        H2O 

42.79         16.38         4.22         19.21         8.76         0.09         6.70         1.85     =100.00% 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  the  Funeral  Mountains  and  in  the  Owl 
Mountains,  Death  Valley. 

Nevada  County :  Thin  bladed  masses  of  violet-colored  axinite  occur 
in  veins  near  Glen  Alpine. 

Riverside  County :  A  large  axinite  crystal  from  the  city  quarry  at 
Riverside,  measured  9  by  12  by  1|  centimeters.  The  forms  are:  (111), 
(111),  (ITO),  (201),  (001),  (110),  and  (010).  The  axinite  of  this 
quarry  is  violet-brown,  Rogers^^^ 

San  Diego  County:  Smoky-pink  crystals  occur  in  an  altered  granite 
in  Moosa  Canj-on,  about  eighteen  miles  south  of  Pala  near  Bonsall, 
associated  with  quartz,  epidote  and  laumontite,  and  have  been  described 
by  Schaller(ii).  Forms:  (ITO),  (130),  (110),  (100),  (331),  (111), 
(112),  (021),  (T32),  (201),  (111),  (131),  (132). 

:03        H2O 

:  99.83% 


188.     PREHNITE. 

Acid   silicate   of  calcium   and   aluminum,   HoCaiALSiaOi;. 

Orthorhombic.     Tabular   crystals,    granular,    drusy    masses.     Color   light 
.  green  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6  —  6.5;  G=2.8  —  2.95. 

Green  drusy  coatings  and  veins  of  prehnite  are  sometimes  present  in 
altered  diabase  and  lavas,  but  the  mineral  is  not  common  in  the  State. 

Lotrite  is  a  mineral  similar  to  prehnite  in  composition,  but  differs 
from  it  in  optical  characters. 

San  Diego  County:  Prehnite  was  analysed  by  Schaller,  from  Smith 

Mountain,  near  Oak  Grove. 

H2O 


SiOo 

AI2O3 

FeoOs 

FeO 

CaO 

MnO 

MgO 

B2O3 

H2O 

42.61 

17.43 

0.38 

7.53 

19.74 

4.10 

0.44 

6.04 

1.56 

SiOs 

AUO3 

Fe.Os 

CaO 

under  300° 

Ign. 

43.48 

24.52 

0.34 

27.19 

4.32 

0.17 

=  100.02% 

G  =  2.815- 

-  2.909 

42.63 

26.64 

27.05 

4.26 

=  100.58 

SiOi 

FeoOs 

AI0O3 

Cr^Os 

FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

MgO 

H2O 

28.09 

20.80 

0.32 

0.13 

29.93 

3.24 

15.S9 

O.IS 

1.62 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNI.V.  133 

Santa  Barbara  County:  Prehnite  occurred  in  the  analcite-diabase  of 
Cuyamas  Valley,  Fairbanks^^\ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Lotrite  was  observed  by  ]\Iurgoei^i>  as  probably 
present  in  the  greenstone  of  Calaveras  Valley. 


189.     ILVAITE. 
•    Silicate  of  iron  ami  calcium,  CaFeoCFeOH)  (SiOi);. 

Oi-thorhombic.     Long    prism.s    vertically    striated.     Color    grayish    black. 
Submetallic  luster.     H  =  5..5  —  6:  G  =  4.0. 

Ilvaite  is  a  rare  mineral  and  is  only  known  from  one  locality  in  the 
State.     Formed  by  contact  metamorphism  in  crystalline  limestone. 

Shasta  County :  Thin  bands  and  long  prisms  of  ilvaite  occur  on  both 
sides  of  a  narrow  dike  cutting  through  limestone  on  Potter  Creek,  near 
Baird.  The  crystals  occur  on  quartz  and  hedenbergite  and  have  been 
described  by  Prescotfi>.  Forms:  (110),  (120),  (010),  (111),  (101), 
(890).     Analysed  by  H.  R.  Moss. 

MnO        CaO         MgO       H2O 

=  100.20% 


190.     CALAMINE. 
Basic  silicate  of  zinc.  H^ZnaSiOs. 
Orthorhombic.     Hemimorphic   ci-ystals,   drusy   masses,   earthy.     Clea^Hige 
perfect  prismatic.     Color  white;  sometimes  bluish  or  brown.     H  =  4.5  —  5; 
G  =  3.4  — 3.5. 

Calamine  is  found  in  the  oxidized  portion  of  veins  carrying  zinc,  but 
its  occurrence  in  California  is  quite  limited. 

Inyo  County:  Small  amounts  have  been  found  with  willemite  and 
smitlisonite  at  the  St.  Ygnacio,  Cerro  Gordo  and  Indiana  mines,  and  in 
Surprise  Canyon. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  smitlisonite  at  the  Cuticura 
mine,  near  Daggett. 


191.     LAWSONITE. 
Basic  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  HiCaALSioOio. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  and  tabular  crystals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal 
and  brachypinacoidal.  Color  pale  blue  to  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  S; 
G  =  3.09. 

Lawsonite  was  discovered  in  California  as  a  new  constituent  of  cer- 
tain schists,  and  since  its  discovery  has  been  found  to  be  ([uite  wide- 
spread in  its  occurrence  in  the  rocks  of  the  Coast  Range.  It  is  limited 
to  the  metamorphic  rocks. 


SiOo 

TiOi 

AI0O3          Fe,.0- 

38.10 

__ 

2S.SS         0.85 

37.32 

__ 

35.14 

38.45 

0.38 

31.35        0.86 

CaO 

MgO 

KoO 

NaoO 

18.26 

0.23 



0.65 

17.83 

__ 



__ 

17.52 

0.17 

0.23 

0.06 

Ign. 

11.42 

= 

99.39% 

11.21 

=z 

101.50 

11.21 

— 

100.33 

134  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Marin  County :  Discovered  as  a  new  mineral  in  the  schists  of  the 
Tiburon  Peninsular,  near  Reed  Station,  and  was  described  and  named 

by    Ransome^2)_     Forms:    (Oil),     (110),     (041),     (001).     Additional 
forms  by  Hillebrand  and  Selialler<i',  (221),   (331). 

Analyses :  1.  Ransome  and  Palache ;  2.  Hillebrand  and  Schaller. 

FeO         MnO 


0.10 


Contra  Costa  County :  Found  as  a  constituent  of  a  chlorite  boulder 
on  side  of  hill  north  of  Berkeley  and  analysed  by  Eakle'^^^ 

SiO=         AloOsFe.Os  CaO  H^O 

38.43  33.39  16.85  9.83  =98.50% 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  ]\Iasses  of  green  chlorite  with  platy  crystals 
of  lawsonite  occur  about  four  miles  east  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Mentioned  by  Murgoci*^^^  and  by  J.  P.  Smith(i> 
as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  gneisses,  schists  and  quartzites  of  Oak 
Ridge,  Redwood  and  Calaveras  Valley. 


192.     TOURMALINE. 

Borosilicate  of  aluminium  witli  various  bases. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Long  prismatic  crystals,  often  divergent  radi- 
ating groups.  Color  black,  green,  rose-red,  brown,  blue,  smoky.  A'^itreous 
luster.     H  =  7  — 7.5;  G  =  2.98  — 3.2. 

Black  tourmaline  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State  and  large 
areas  of  tourmaline-granites  exist  in  the  Sierras.  Brown  tourmaline 
has  also  been  found,  but  in  limited  quantity.  The  richly  colored  red 
and  green  tourmalines  of  San  Diego  County  are  the  finest  in  the  world, 
and  have  become  almost  universally  known  and  used  as  gems.  Tourma- 
line always  occurs  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  bunched  into  radiating 
groups  and  usually  much  fractured.  The  common  black  tourmaline  is 
characteristic  of  granites  and  quartz  veins  in  granites.  Brown  tourma- 
line is  found  in  crystalline  limestone  near  the  contact  with  intrusive 
igneous  rock.  The  transparent  green  and  red  and  other  shades  occur 
in  pegmatite  veins  which  carry  lithia  and  they  are  classed  as  lithia- 
tourmalines.  The  red  tourmaline  is  often  called  rubellite,  the  blue, 
indicolite  and  the  colorless,  acliroifc. 

Alpine  County :  Black  tourmaline  is  common  in  Hope  Valley. 

El  Dorado  County :  Black  tourmaline  occurs  with  orthoclase  at 
Buck's  Bar. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  135 

Fresno  County :  Black  is  common  in  Fine  Gold  Gulch,  at  the  Enter- 
prise mine,  and  at  Eber  Flat. 

Inyo  County :  Black  occurs  in  the  Lee  district. 

Kern  County :  Black  is  found  in  the  rocks  of  the  Tehachapi  Moun- 
tains. 

^Mariposa  County :  Black  is  very  common  in  the  granites  of  the 
Yosemite  Valley. 

Nevada  County :  Black  occurs  at  Emerald  Bay,  Lake  Tahoe  and  near 
Crystal  Peak.  A  dark  brown  variety  found  two  miles  northwest  of 
Colfax  was  analysed  by  Melville^^^ 


SiO; 

A1,0:, 

FeoOa 

CaO 

MgO 

KoO 

NasO 

B.Os 

Ign. 

'.6.40 

33.64 

3.13 

1.51 

10.01 

0.12 
F 
0.74 

2.49 

=  98.07- 

0.52 
0=F 
-0.31  =  97. 

3.53 

76% 

Orange  County :  Black  is  found  at  the  Santa  Ana  tin  mine,  Santa 
Ana  ^Mountains. 

Placer  County:  Black  at  Soda  Springs. 

Riverside  County :  Some  fine  gem  tourmaline  occurs  near  Coahuila 
and  in  the  San  Jacinto  INIountains. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Black  at  Halleck. 

San  Diego  County :  A  series  of  pegmatite  veins  consisting  mainly  of 
white  albite  with  quartz  and  lepidolite  mica,  cut  through  the  diorite 
hills  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county  from  the  vicinity  of  Mesa 
Grande  northward  through  Pala  and  into  Riverside  County,  and  these 
A'eins  have  been  prolific  in  their  yield  of  beautiful  transparent  tourma- 
lines in  many  shades  of  rose-red  and  green.  The  fir«t  mention  of  the 
occurrence  of  rubellite  and  lepidolite  in  southern  California  was  by 
W.  P.  Blake^^^\  who  gave  the  locality  as  the  San  Bernardino  Range. 
Later  Oreutt^i>  described  the  occurrence  at  Pala.  The  first  material 
obtained  was  the  lavender  and  lilac  lepidolite  containing  radiating 
clusters  of  bright  red  rubellite  prisms,  which  form  beautiful  museum 
specimens  and  can  be  seen  in  most  mineral  collections.  The  gem 
varieties  were  found  later  and  since  1893  a  number  of  mines  have  been 
located  and  many  large  beautiful  crystals  obtained.  At  present  the 
best  tourmalines  come  from  Mesa  Grande.  Sterrett^^^  gives  the  ciwstal- 
lograpliy  of  tourmaline  from  Damoron  ranch,  four  miles  northwest  of 
Mesa  Grande.  Forms:  (0221),  (1230),  (14o0),  (2131),  (1232),  (0001), 
(OITT),  (1012),  (1120),  (lOTO),  (OlTO),  (lOTl),  and  (0001).  Tour- 
malines of  many  shades,  black,  pink,  blue,  violet,  green  and  colorless, 
occur  at  Rincon  in  the  Victor  and  other  claims  and  some  of  the  crystals 
have  the  forms:  (1120),  (lOTO),  (OlTO),  (1232),  (lOTl),  (OOOT),  (OlTT), 
Rogers'^*.  Analyses  of  the  tourmaline  of  the  county  have  been  made 
by  Schaller^'^     1.  Pink  from  Mesa  Grande;  2.  Pale  green  from  Mesa 


136 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


Grande ;  3.  Pink  from  Pala ;  4.  Altered  pink  from  Pala ;  5.  Black  from 
Lost  Valley ;  6.  Black  from  Ramona. 


SiO, 

37.57 

36.72 

36.98 

37.05 

35.96 

35.21 

ALOj 

42.18 

41.27 

43.69 

44.25 

33.28 

36.07 

Tib, 

tr. 

0.06 



__ 

0.36 

0.23 

Fed 

0.19 

1.13 





11.04 

11.11 

MnO 

0.24 

1.48 

tr. 

tr. 

0.13 

0.98 

MgO 

none 

none 

tr. 

0.10 

3.48 

0.19 

CaO 

1.20 

0.87 

0.25 

0.22 

0.42 

0.25 

U,0 

1.92 

1.76 

1.28 

1.27 

none 

tr. 

Na,0 

2.05 

2.23 

2.02 

1.06 

2.16 

1.92 

K„6 

none 

none 

2.29 

1.95 

none 

none 

B,03 

10.65 

10.60 

7.66 

2.46 

10.61 

10.48 

H,0 

3.39 

3.33 

4.67 

10.81 

3.31 

3.51 

F 

0.29 

0.31 

— 

— 

none 

~ 

99.77 


99.76 


98.84 


99.17 


100.75 


99.95% 


San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Black  tourmaline  occurs  in  the  rocks  of 
the  Santa  Margarita  Hills. 

Tulare  County:  Black  in  Frazer  Valley,  Drum  A^alley,  and  at 
Mineral  King. 

Tuolumne  County :  Black  near  Crimea  House,  near  Sonora  and  near 
Soulsby. 


193.     DUMORTIERITE. 

Basic  silicate  of  aluminium  witli   boron. 


HAlsBSi30,o. 


Ortlaorhombic.     Small    prisms,    granular.     Color    smalt-blue,    dark    blue, 
violet-red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  7;  0  =  3.22  —  3.43. 

Dumortierite  is  a  metamorphic  mineral  found  in  certain  gneisses  and 
schists;  very  rare  in  its  occurrence. 

Imperial  County:  Dark  blue  boulders  of  dumortierite  occur  on  the 
plains  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Ogilby. 

San  Diego  County:  A  violet-red  variety  of  dumortierite  occurs  near 
Dehesa  and  was  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^^  and  also  analysed 
byFord(i).  Forms:  (010),  (100),  (110),  (120),  (320),  (210),  (102), 
(203). 

SiO,      AI2O3     TijOa    Fe^Os    B2O3     H2O 

Schaller 28.68     63.31     1.45     0.23     5.37     1.52     =100.56% 

Ford 30.58     61.83       __      0.36     5.93     2.14     =100.84 

Tuolumne  County :  Boulders  of  dark  blue  dumortierite  have  been 
found  in  the  county. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


137 


CHAPTER  IX. 


HYDROUS  SILICATES  AND  TITANO-SILICATES. 


Zeolites. 
Gyrolite 
Apophyllite 
Okeuite 
Heulandite 
Laumontite 
Stilbite 
Chabazite 
Analcite 
Natrolite 
Mesolite 

Mieas. 
Muscovite 
Mariposite 
Paragonite 
Lepidolite 
Biotite 

Lepidomelane 
Roscoelite 


Brittle  micas. 

Margarite 

Xanthophyllite 

Chloritoid 

Ottrelite 
Chlorites. 

Clinochlore 
Kotschubeite 

Penninite 
Kjimmererite 

Prochlorite 

Corundophyllite 

Chalcodite 

Jefferisite 
Not  Grouped. 

Serpentine 

Dewey  lite 

Montmorillonite 

Talc 

Pyrophyllite 


Allophane 

Sepiolite 

Celadonite 

KaoHnite 

Rectorite 

Halloysite 

Cimolite 

Chrysocolla 

Chloropal 

Nontronite 
Stratopeite 
Pilinite 
Titano-silieates. 
Titanite 
Benitoite 
Neptunite 


194.     GYROLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium,  HjCajSiaOg.HjO. 

Fibrous  and  lamellar  concretions.     Colorless  and  white.     Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  3  — 4;  G  =  2.39. 

Formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  crevices  of  rocks  by  the  alteration 
of  lime  silicates. 

San  Francisco  County :  Occurs  lining  fissures  in  the  rock  at  Fort 
Point  and  was  analysed  by  Schaller^^^ 

SiOs  AI0O3  CaO  Na;0  Ign. 


53.47 


0.22 


32.00 


1.2; 


13.21 


=  100.15% 


Santa  Clara  County :  Fibrous  gyrolite  occurred  in  the  crevices  of 
the  cinnabar  mine  at  New  Almaden,  associated  with  apophyllite  and 
bituminous  matter,  which  was  analysed  by  Clarke ^^^ 


SiOo 

AloCFe^Orj 

CaO 

KoO 

Na.O 

P 

52.54 

0.71 

29.97 

1.5G 

0.27 

0.65 

Igrn  F — O 

14.60  =100.30  —  0.27  =100.03% 


195.     APOPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  potassium,  H;KCa4(SiO;,)8.4AHjO. 

Tetragonal.  Square  prisms,  pj-ramids,  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Colorless,  white,  pale  violet,  greenish,  yellowish.  Pearly  luster  on  base. 
H  =  4.5  — 5;  G  =  2.3  — 2.4. 


A  secondary  mineral  found  in  cavities  of  volcanic  rock. 


138  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Sau  Francisco  County :  A  few  crystals  were  found  at  Fort  Point  with 
the  forms  (111)  and  (100),  but  most  of  them  were  largely  changed  into 
quartz  pseudomorphs,  Schaller^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Found  at  New  Almaden  in  large  crystals 
associated  with  gyrolite  and  bituminous  matter,  Clarke^^). 


196.     OKENITE. 
Hydrous   silicate   of   calcium,    HoCaSioOg  +  HjO. 

Finely    fibrous    and    acicular.     Color    snow-white.     Luster    pearly. 
H  =  4.5  — 5;  G:=2.28. 

Riverside  County :  The  wilkeite  in  the  limestone  at  Crestmore  is 
often  altered  to  a  white  fibrous  material,  which  has  been  identified  as 
okenite  by  its  optical  properties.     Eakle  and  Rogers*^^^ 


197.     HEULANDITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,  H4CaAL(Si03)o.3H,0. 

Monoclinic.     Platy  crystals.     Color  white,  brick-red.     Perfect  clinopina- 
coidal  cleavage.     H:=3.5  — 4;  G  =  2.18  — 2.2. 

A  zeolite  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  and  seams  of  basic 
volcanic  rock,  usually  with  stilbite,  chabazite  and  other  zeolites.  It  is 
probably  present  in  the  basaltic  areas  of  the  State,  but  has  not  been 
reported. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  sparingly  as  pale  brown  crystals  with  stil- 
bite at  Rincon.     Forms:  (010),  (001),  (201),  (201),  (110),  Rogers^S). 


198.      LAUMONTITE. 

Hydrous   silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium,   H4CaAl2Si40i4.2H20. 

Monoclinic.  Radiating  or  divergent  columnar.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal  and  clinopinacoidal.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  3.o  —  4; 
0  =  2.2.5  —  2.36. 

A  zeolite  occurring  in  cavities  of  basic  volcanic  rock,  usually  with 
other  zeolites. 

San  Bernardino  County:  Fibrous  white  laumontite  has  been  found 
near  the  Grant  mine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Cucamonga  Canyon. 

San  Diego  County:  Small  amounts  are  associated  with  the  axinite 
crystals  of  Moosa  Canyon  near  Bonsall,  Schaller^^^  The  mineral  also 
occurs  at  Rincon  in  minute  radiate  crystals  with  the  forms  (110),  and 
(201),  and  as  a  pseudomorph  after  stilbite,  Rogers'^^\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  139 

199.     STILBITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium,  calcium  and  aluminum,  H4(Nao,Ca)  Al2SieOis.4H20. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  in  sheaf-like  aggregates,  lamellar.  Cleavage  per- 
fect clinopinacoidal.  Color  white,  yellowish  brown.  Vitreous  to  pearly 
luster.     11  =  3.5  —  4;  G  =  2.09  — 2.20. 

A  common  zeolite  occurring  usually  as  sheaf-like  aggregates  in  cav- 
ities and  seams  of  volcanic  rock.  It  is  more  common  than  M'hat  has 
"been  reported. 

Fresno  County :  Found  in  lava  in  the  North  Fork  mining  district. 

Modoc  County :  Specimens  of  lava  with  amygdules  tilled  with  stilhite 
and  natrolite  have  come  from  this  county. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  as  sheaf-like  aggregates  of  small  brown 
crystals  at  the  Victor  mine  near  Rincon,  Rogers*^  ^\ 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Found  in  the  San  Pablo  Mountains  of  Santa 
Rosa  Island. 

Tulare  County :  Occurs  in  volcanic  rock  at  Mount  Kaweah. 


200.     CHABAZITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium,  sodium  and  aluminium    (Ca.Naj)  ALSiiO^s-GHoO. 

Hexagonal,    rhombohedral.     Crystals    nearly    cubic.     Color    white,    flesh- 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4  — 5;  G  =  2.08  — 2.16. 

A  zeolite  occurring  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  of  basic  volcanic 
rock,  usually  in  rhombohedrons  nearly  cubic  in  shape. 

Nevada  County :  Occurs  in  colorless  crystals  with  epidote  and  pyrite 
at  the  Star  placer  mine,  Grass  Valley,  Lindgren^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Found  as  rhombohedrons  in  olivine  basalt  at  the 
Dodson  mine,  Mooreville  Ridge,  Turner'^). 


201.     ANALCITE. 
Hydrous   silicate   of  sodium   and   aluminium,    NaAlSijOg.HoO. 
Isometric.     Crystals   usually   trapezohedrons.     Sometimes   quite    large. 
Colorless  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5 —  ."...") ;   G  =  2.22  — 2.29. 

A  zeolite  occurring  as  a  secondary  mint-ral  in  volcanic  rocks  and 
often  in  large  trapezohedral  crystals.  It  is  also  found  as  an  original 
constituent  in  some  diabases  and  basalts. 

Alameda  County:  Occurs  as  one  of  the  secondary  minerals  in  the 
cavities  of  andesitic  rock  on  the  Berkeley  Hills. 

Santa  liarl)ara  ('ounty :  A  constituent  of  the  teschenite  of  Point  Sal 
and  M-as  analysed  by  Fairbanks^^^^'*\ 

Si02  AloOj         CaO  Na^Q  K^O  Ign. 

54.40         23.04         0.21         13.33         0.10         8.46         =99.G3     G  =  2.2G 


1-40  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

202.     NATROLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium  and  aluminium,  Na2Al2Si30io.2H20. 

Orthorhombic.     Long  needles,  columnar,  fibrous.     Cleavage  perfect  pris- 
matic.    Colorless  to  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  — 5.5;   G  =  2.2  —  2.25. 

A  zeolite  formed  as  a  secondary  mineral  in  cavities  of  igneous  rock 
and  sometimes  as  veins  in  such  rock.  It  usually  occurs  fibrous  or 
acicular,  associated  with  stilbite  and  other  zeolites. 

Alameda  County:  Needles  of  natrolite  occur  with  analcite  in  the 
amygdules  of  the  andesitic  rock  on  the  Berkeley  Hills. 

Modoc  County :  Slender  needles  occur  with  stilbite  in  the  lava  of  this 
county. 

San  Benito  County:  A  large  vein  of  white  natrolite  occurs  near 
the  headwaters  of  the  San  Benito  River  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Diablo  Range  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Co'alinga,  in  which 
crystals  of  benitoite  and  neptunite  are  included.  The  natrolite  is  mostly 
granular  although  some  crystals  with  the  forms  (110)  and  (111)  occur. 
The  occurrence  has  been  described  by  Louderback(i>(2)  ^.^^11  analysis  by 
Blasdale. 

SiOa  AI2O3  NaoO  H2O 

47.69  27.14  15.74  9.5G  ==  100.13% 

Sierra  County:  Found  on  Herkin's  ranch  north  of  Sierra. 
Sonoma  County :  In  the  rocks  of  the  Sonoma  Mountains  not  far  from 
Petaluma. 


203.     MESOLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  ni  NaoALSi30io2H20  n  CaAlaSisOm-SHjO. 

Triclinic.  Prismatic  crystals.  Generally  silky  fibrous  crusts.  Cleavage 
perfect  prismatic.  Colorless  to  white.  Vitreous  to  silky  luster.  H=5; 
G=2.2  — 2.4. 

A  zeolite  occurring  generally  as  silky  fibrous  crusts  as  a  secondary 
mineral  in  cavities  of  basaltic  rock. 

Lassen  County :  Observed  in  the  lava  of  Lassen  Butte. 

Shasta  County:  Found  near  Redding. 

Ventura  Countv :  Observed  in  the  basalt  of  the  Pinos  Mountains. 


MICAS. 

The  mica  family  consists  of  a  number  of  silicates,  having  various 
and  complex  compositions,  which  occur  characteristically  in  thin  elastic 
scales  and  plates.  The  common  micas,  muscovite  and  biotite,  are  very 
important  rock-forming  minerals  of  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks, 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  141 

and  are  to  be  found  all  over  the  State.  There  are  several  rare  micas 
and  alteration  products  of  micas  which  have  not  been  observed  in  Cali- 
fornia and  will  therefore  not  be  mentioned. 


204.     MUSCOVITE— Potash    Mica. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  potassium  and  aluniiuium,  essentially   (H,K)AlSi04. 

Monoclinic.  Hexagonal-shaped  plates,  plumose  aggregates,  scales.  Cleav- 
age perfect  basal.  Colorless,  gray,  brown,  pale  green.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  2.76  — 3. 

Muscovite  is  a  common  constituent  of  granites,  syenites,  gneisses  and 
schists.  It  is  generally  called  mica  or  isinglass  and  is  of  economic 
value  when  in  large  transparent  sheets.  Extensive  areas  of  mica- 
schists  occur  in  the  State  in  which  muscovite  is  the  principal  constituent 
and  gives  the  rock  its  schistose  structure. 

Sericite  is  a  soft  greasy-feelimg  muscovite  forming  mostly  sericitic 
schists. 

Fuchsite  is  a  chrome-muscovite  of  an  emerald  green  color. 

Finite  and  Agalmatolite  are  names  given  to  compact  muscovite  or 
altered  muscovite,  usually  of  gray  or  white  color. 


205.     MARIPOSITE. 
Monoclinic.     Micaceous,  scales,  foliated  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  basal. 
Color  apple-green,   white.     Vitreous   luster.     H  =  2.5  —  3;    G  =  2.78  —  2.81. 

Mariposite  is  essentially  a  muscovite  with  its  characteristic  green 
color  due  to  the  presence  of  chromic  oxide.  It  is  distinctly  charac- 
teristic of  the  gold  belt  of  the  Sierras  and  was  descri])ed  as  a  new 
mineral  by  Silliman^^\ 


206— PARAGONITE— Soda    Mica. 
Silicate   of  sodium   and   aluminium,    H^NaAlaSioOj;. 

Massive,  compact,  scaly.*   Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color  gray,  yellowish 
gray,  pale  green.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  2.5  — 3;   G=:2.7S  — 2.90. 

The  rocks  of  the  Coast  Ranges  are  notably  rich  in  soda  and  this  mica 
has  been  observed  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  schists. 


142  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

207.     LEPIDOLITE— Lithia    Mica. 

Silicate  of  lithium,  potassium,  fluorine  and  aluminium    (KLi) A1(0FI,F)    Al(Si03)3. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  in  scaly  masses ;  sometimes  in  broad  plates. 
Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  lilac,  lavender,  violet-blue,  pink  to  colorless. 
Vitreous  to  pearly  luster.     H  =  2.5  — 4;  G  =  2.8  — 2.9. 

Lepidolite  occurs  in  scaly  masses  of  a  lavender,  violet  and  pink  color. 
It  is  the  characteristic  mica  of  pegmatitic  veins  which  carry  red  and 
green  tourmaline. 

CooTxcite  is  a  hydrous  lithia  mica,  white  to  yellowish  green  in  color. 


208.     BIOTITE — Magnesia  Mica. 

Silicate  of  magnesia,  iron  and  aluminium    (H,K)2(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe)2Si40io. 

Monoclinic.  Broad  plates,  foliated,  scaly,  micaceous.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal.  Color  black,  dark  brown,  green.  Vitreous  to  pearly  luster. 
H  =  2.5  — 3;  G  =  2.7  — 3.1. 

The  dark  brown  and  black  biotite  mica  is  the  commonest  of  all  the 
micas.  It  is  generally  a  prominent  constituent  of  nearly  all  eruptive 
rocks  and  also  of  gneisses  and  schists.  It  is  present  as  a  rock-forming 
mineral  in  every  county. 


Lepidomelane — Iron  Mica. 
Monoclinic.     Broad    plates,    scales,    micaceous.     Cleavage    perfect    basal. 
Color  iron-black.     Adamantine  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  3;  G=3  —  3.2. 

Black  lepidomelane  is  similar  to  biotite  in  composition  and  appear- 
ance, but  is  richer  in  iron.     It  is  usually  classed  as  biotite. 


Alpine   County :  A  black  biotite  from  a  quartz-monzonite  rock  at 
Blood  Station  was  analysed  by  Valentine,  Turner^''^ 

SiOz         T1O2         AI2O3        FeoOs        FeO         MnO       CaO  SrO       BaO        MgO        LijO 

35.62        2.61        15.24        4.69        13.67        0.74        0.95  tr.        0.26        12.70        tr. 

H2O 
Na-O        KoO         at  105°  ab.  105°     P0O5  F 

0.50        7.72  0.94        4.36       none  none        =100.00% 

Amador  County :  Biotite  from  a  pyroxene  gneiss  on  the  north  fork 
of  the  Mokelumne  River  was  analysed  by  Valentine,  Turner ^^^ 


SiOo 

TiOs 

AI2O3 

FeoOa 

FeO 

MnO 

CaO 

SrO 

BaO 

Mg-O    LieO 

Na^O 

36.62 

3.03 

14.37 

4.04 

17.09 

0.40 

1.48 

tr. 

0.33 

9.68       tr. 

0.45 

H20 

KoO     at  105°  ab.l05°      P2O5  F  0  =  F 

8.20       0.90       3.20       none       0.10       =99.95  —  0.04       =99.91% 

El  Dorado  County :  According  to  Hanks^^^  some  material  resembling 
agalmatolite  occurred  in  a  vein  at  Greenwood. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  143 

Inyo  County:  Muscovite  is  found  in  the  Saratoga  district. 

Lassen  County:  Muscovite  was  early  reported  from  Susanville. 

Mariposa  County:  1.  Black  biotite  from  biotite-granite  of  El  Capi- 
tan,  Yosemite  Valley,  was  analysed  by  Valentine ;  and,  2.  Brown  biotite 
from  quartz-monzonite  on  Tioga  road,  southeast  of  Mount  Hoffman,  was 
analysed  by  Hillebrand,  Turner^ ''^ 


SiOo       TiOo      AI2O3 

V=03 

Cr.03    FeoOs      FeO 

MnO 

NiO      CoO     CaO      SrO 

1     35.64      1.12      18.62 

__ 

__       5.54      14.60 

0.79 

__       0.90      __ 

2.    35.75      3.16      14.70 

0.05 

tr.       4.65      14.08 
H2O 

0.45 

0.02           0.17       ? 

BaO       :MgO     LioO    Na»0 

K.O 

at  100°  ab. 100°  P2O3 

F 

0::zF 

tr.         9.72      tr.      0.38 

9.22 

0.48       2.54       0.20 

0.26: 

=  100.01  —  0.11  =  99.90% 

0.12      12.37      __      0.32 

9.19 

1.03       3.64       0.03 

0.17: 

=  99.90  —  0.07=99.83% 

CaO 

MgO 

0.07 

3.25 

0.07 

3.29 

The  green  mica,  mariposite,  is  common  in  the  ]\Iother  Lode  schists  of 
this  county  and  of  Tuolumne  and  Calaveras  counties,  and  it  was  first 
described  by  Silliman^^^  as  a  new  mineral.  The  mineral  from  the 
Josephine  mine  was  analysed  by  Hillebrand,  Turner "^^^ 

SiOi         TiOs         AI0O3        CroOs       FesOa  FeO 

Green 55.35         0.18         25.62         0.18         0.63         0.92 

White 56.79  25.29  none  1.59 

K2O    (Ll,Na)oO    H2O 
9.29         0.12         4.52  =100.13% 

8.92         0.17         4.72         =100.84 

Nevada  Count}' :  Sericite  and  biotite  are  mentioned  by  Lindgren*^^^  as 
constituents  of  the  rocks  of  Grass  Valley  and  Nevada  City. 

Orange  County :  Fuchsite  has  been  found  at  Arch  Beach. 

Riverside  County :  ^Muscovite  and  lepidolite  occur  with  the  gem  tour- 
maline at  Coahuila. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Cookeite  has  been  reported  from  Oro 
Grande. 

San  Diego  County :  Muscovite  is  a  common  mineral  in  the  pegmatite 
veins  which  carry  the  gem  tourmaline  and  kunzite  of  this  county. 
Crystals  occur  at  the  ]Mack  mine,  Rincon,  with  the  forms:  (001),  (010), 
(221),  Rogers<2). 

Pink  muscovite  from  Mesa  Grande  has  been  analysed  by  Schaller^"^ 


PiOo 

TiO; 

AI2O3 

FeoOs 

MnO 

MgO 

CaO          LioO          NaeO 

K2O 

45.63 

tr. 

37.42 

tr. 

0.06 
H2O 
4.43 

none 
F 
0.77 

none          0.20          1.43 
0=F 
=  99.89  —  0.32  =  99.57% 

9.95 

Lepidolite  mica  ranging  in  color  from  graj'  through  lavender  and 
rose  to  deep  violet  is  the  common  mica  associated  with  the  gem  tourma- 
line of  the  county.  Good  crystals  were  found  four  miles  east  of 
Ramona  having  the  forms:  (001)  (010),  (100),  (023),  (112),  (Til), 
(132),  (130),  (223),  (221)?,  (T12)  ?,  Schaller<6).  Coarse  and  fine 
scaly  lepidolite  is  common  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  and  crystals  have 
the  forms  (001),  (100),  (010),  (T31),  Rogers^-')  The  lepidolite  of 
Pala  and  of  Mesa  Grande  iuis  been  analysed  by  Schaller^'^^         1.  Red 


144 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


purple  from  Pala,  Tourmaline  Queen  mine ;  2.  Blue  purple  from  Pala ; 
3.  Purple;  4.  White;  5.  Lepidolite  border  on  muscovite  from  Mesa 
Grande. 


SiOo 
51.12 
50.95 
50.34 
51.25 
50.85 


AI2O3 

22.20 

23.97 

28.71 

25.62 

26.78 
K2O 
10.00 
10.69 
10.87 
10.65 
10.30 


FeoOs 

0.80 

0.82 

0.11 

0.12 

0.60 
H2O 
2.05 
1.91 
3.15 
1.60 
1.74 


FeO 


Mn.Oa 
1.34 
1.29 


MnO        MgO       CaO 


tr. 
noue 


L,i20 
5.12 
4.63 
2.39 
4.31 
4.27 


P2O5 
0.04 
0.04 


0..50        none  tr. 

0.05        none  tr. 

0.07  tr.  0.10 

F  0=F 

6.38         =102.43  —  2.69=   99.74% 
6.11         =102.80  —  2.57=100.23 
5.02         =102.18  —  2.11= 100.07 
7.06         =102.60  —  2.97=  99.63 
6.71         =102.83  —  2.82=100.01 


NaoO 
2.28 
2.39 
1.59 
1.91 
1.41 


Cookeite  from  Pala  has  also  been  analysed  by  Schaller^'^). 


SiOe 
35.53 


AI0O3 
44.23 


MnO 
tr. 


MgO 
tr. 


CaO 
tr. 


LioO 
2.73 
F 
1.46 


NaoO 
2.11 


KoO 
0.31 
0=F 
100.55  —  0.61 


H2O 
at  105°     ab. 105° 
0.61         13.57 


:  99.95% 


Colorless  and  deep  pink  cookeite  is  found  in  pockets  at  the  Victor 
mine,  Rincon,  coating  quartz,  lepidolite,  orthoclase,  albite  and  kunzite, 
and  as  pseudomorphs  after  kunzite,  Rogers "^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  Paragonite  is  mentioned  as  a  constituent  of 
eclogite  at  Coyote  Creek,  near  San  Martin  and  of  greenstone  on  San 
Francisquito  Creek,  J.  P.  Smith^^^. 

Sierra  County:  Mariposite  is  found  at  the  Rainbow  mine. 

Tuolumne  County:  Mariposite  is  common  at  the  Rawhide  Ranch 
mine  near  Tuttletown. 

Ventura  County:  Good  sheets  of  muscovite  have  come  from  the 
Mount  Almo  mica  mine. 


209.     ROSCOELITE— Vanadium   Mica. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  vanadium,  aluminum  and  potasium,  H8K(Mg,Fe)  (A1,V) 4(8103)1;. 
Minute   scales   often   in  stellate  groups.     Cleavage   perfect  basal.     Color 
clove-brown,    greenish    brown    or    brownish    green.     Pearly    luster.     Soft. 
0  =  2.92-2.94. 

Vanadium  is  a  rare  constituent  of  some  igneous  rocks,  and  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  small  amounts  in  biotite.  Roscoelite  is  unique  in 
having  a  large  percentage  of  vanadium  in  place  of  iron  and  thus  form- 
ing a  vanadium-mica.  It  is  a  very  rare  mica,  and  few  specimens  of  it 
are  now  in  existence,  since  most  of  the  material  was  destroyed  for  the 
gold  which  was  thickly  interlaminated  with  the  micaceous  plates. 

El  Dorado  County :  Layers  from  a  tenth  to  a  half  inch  in  thickness 
of  a  dark  green  micaceous  mineral,  thickly  interlaminated  with  gold, 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  145 

were  found  at  the  Stuckslager  or  Sam  Sim's  mine  on  Granite  Creek, 
near  Coloma,  -which  proved  to  be  a  new  mineral  and  was  named  by 
James  Blake^-^,  in  1874.  The  new  mica  was  later  described  and 
anah'-sed  by  Genth^^),  Roscoe^^^  and  Hillebrand,  Turner  and  Clarke*^^^ 


SiO^ 

TiO,. 

V0O3 

V=05 

VoOu 

AI2O3        FesOa 

MnoOs 

FeO 

Genth    _.     j 

4T.S2 

21.36 

12.60 

3.30 

47.G9 

22.02 

14.10 

1.67 

Roscoe 

41.25 

28.60 

14.14         1.13 

1.15 

Hillebraud- 

45.17 

0.78 

24.01 

11..54 

1.60 

MgO 

CaO 

Na^O 

KoO 

LiiO 

H,0 

2.43 

tr. 

0.33 

8.03 

tr. 

5.13 

=  100.00% 

2.00 

tr. 

0.19 

7.59 

tr. 

4.96 

=  100.22         G 

=  2.938 

2.01 

0.61 

0.82 

8.56 

3.35 

=  101.62 

1.G4 

0.06 

10.37 

tr. 

4.69 

=  99.86 

Several  hundred  pounds  of  the  mineral  were  also  found  in  Big  Red 
Ravine,  near  the  old  Sutter  Mill,  where  gold  was  first  discovered,  but 
the  masses  were  destroyed  for  their  gold  values,  Hanks^^^. 

BRITTLE  MICAS. 

The  brittle  micas  include  several  micaceous  minerals  whose  plates  or 
scales  are  non-elastic  and  easily  break  when  bent.  Otherwise  they 
resemble  the  common  micas.  They  are  characteristic  of  the  crystalline 
gneisses  and  schists.  All  of  them  probably  occur  in  the  State,  but  only 
margarite.  xanthophjdlite,  chloritoid,  and  ottrelite  have  been  observed. 


210.     MARGARITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  calcium   aud  aluminium,   HoCaoAliSijOj;. 

Mouoclioic.     Scaly,   micaceous.     Cleavage   perfect   basal.     Color  grayish, 
piuk.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  3.5  — 4.5;  G  =  2.99  — 3.08. 

Margarite  is  prominent  in  the  glaucophane  rocks  and  has  been  ob- 
served in  several  localities. 

Calaveras  County :  Soft  silver- white  pearly  masses  of  flaky  material 
occur  in  the  Gold  Cliff  mine  at  Angels  and  in  some  of  the  other  mines  of 
the  Mother  Lode  which  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  margarite,  and 
are  probably  this  mineral. 

Marin  County :  Mentioned  by  Ransome^^^  as  an  associate  of  the  law- 
sonite  at  Reed  Station.     Much  of  this,  however,  is  muscovite,  Eakle^^^ 

San  Mateo  County :  A  constituent  of  the  schists  of  Belmont,  Mur- 
goci^i^. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Occurs  in  the  eclogite  of  Oak  Ridge,  J.  P. 
Smith<i). 

Sonoma  County :  A  constituent  of  the  glaucophane  gneiss  of  Melitta, 
near  Santa  Rosa,  Murgoci^^^ 

10—8560 


SiOo 

AI2O3 

FeO 

CaO 

MgO 

HoO 

16.S4 

44.68 

2.85 

14.14 

16.24 

5.07 

146  FTATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

211.     XANTHOPHYLLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  calcium  and  magnesium,  Hs(Mg,Ca)i4AljoSi5052. 

Monoclinic.     Tabular  crystals  parallel  to  the  base.     Perfect  basal  cleav- 
age.    Color  leek-green,  bottle-green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4.6;  G  =  3.09. 

A  very  rare  green  platy  mineral  belonging  to  the  brittle  micas, 
resembling  green  muscovite. 

Riverside  Oounty :  Abundant  platy  crystals  of  xanthophyllite  oc- 
curred in  the  blue  calcite  of  the  cement  quarry  at  Crestmore,  intimately 
associated  with  monticellite.     An  analysis  by  Eakle  gave : 

100.62%         G  =  3.081 


212.     CHLORITOID. 

Hj'drous   silicate   of   iron,    magnesium   and    aluminium,    H2(Fe,Mg)  ALSiO,. 

Monoclinic.  Foliated  massive,  scales.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
dark  gray,  grayish  black,  grass  green.  Pearly  to  vitreous  luster.  H  =  6.5; 
G  =  3.52  — 3.57. 

Calaveras  County :  Dark  green  chloritoid  has  been  found  in  some  of 
the  schists  of  this  county. 


213.     OTTRELITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,   manganese   and   aluminium,    H2(Fe,Mu)  ALSioOg. 

Monoclinic.     Hexagonal-shaped    scales.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color 
blackish  gray,  black.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  6  —  7;  G  =  3.3. 

Ottrelite  schists  appear  to  be  rare  in  the  State. 

Siskiyou  County :  A  specimen  of  ottrelite  schist  has  come  from  the 
vicinity  of  Yreka. 


CHLORITES. 

Under  the  name  chlorite  are  included  several  species  having  a  mica- 
ceous structure  with  the  flakes  flexible  but  not  elastic.  The  chlorites 
are  prominent  in  many  schists,  forming  chlorite-schists.  They  are  also 
formed  as  secondary  alteration  products  of  hornblende  and  pj^roxene 
rocks,  and  as  such  are  very  common  throughout  the  State.  They  are 
characteristically  dark  leek-green  or  brown  in  color.  As  a  general 
thing  the  various  kinds  of  chlorite  have  not  been  differentiated. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  147 

214.     CLINOCHLORE. 

Hydrous   silicate   of   magnesium    and   aluminium,    IIsMgjAlsSiaOis. 

Monoclinic.  Seal}-,  earthj-,  compact.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
deep  grass-green,  olive-green,  rose-red.  Pearly  luster.  H  =  2  —  2.5; 
0  =  2.65  —  2.78. 

Clinochlore  occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  magnesian-iron  minerals 
and  is  common  in  schists. 

Kotschubeife  is  a  rose-red  variety  of  clinochlore  containing  chro- 
mium and  is  associated  with  chromite  in  serpentine  rocks. 


215.     PENNINITE— Rhodochrome. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium  and  aluminium,  Hs(Mg,Fe)5ALSi,0is. 

Monoclinic.  Plates,  scales,  scaly  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
emerald-green,  grass-green,  violet,  rose-red.  Pearly  luster.  H  =  2  —  2.5; 
G  =  2.6  —  2.85. 

Penninite  is  similar  to  clinochlore  with  more  iron  in  its  composition. 
Kdmmererite  is  a  peach-blossom  red  variety  associated  with  chromite. 


216.     PROCHLORITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  iron  and  aluminium. 

Monoclinic.  Scaly,  foliated,  granular,  massive.  Cleavage  perfect 
basal.  Color  green,  blackish  green,  brown.  Pearly  luster.  H  =  l  —  2; 
0  =  2.78-2.96. 

Prochlorite  is  a  common  chlorite  of  rocks  usually  dark  green  but  some- 
times brown.     Forms  large  tlakv  masses  in  schists. 


217.     CORUNDOPHYLLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium  and  aluminium. 

Monoclinic.     Plates,    lamellar    massive.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color 
olive-green,  leek-green.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  2.5;  0  =  2.9. 

This  is  a  rarer  form  of  chlorite,  but  probably  exists  in  more  localities 
than  are  now  known. 


218.     CHALCODITE. 
Hydrous    silicate    of    iron,    magnesium    and    aluminium. 

Minute    scales.     Color    black,    yellowish    and    greenish    bronze.     Brassy 
to  subraetaliic  luster.     Flexible.     H  =  3  — 4;  0  =  2.96. 

Chalcodite  is  a  rare  ])rown  chlorite,  occurring  in  minute  scales,  often 
with  a  bronze  luster. 


148  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

219,     JEFFERISITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  irou  aud  aluminium. 

Broad  plates,  small  scales.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color  dark  yellowish 
brown.     Pearly  luster.     H  =  l.o;  G  =  2.30. 

Jefferisite  is  a  hydrated  mica  occurring  in  dark  yellowish  brown 
scales  and  plates. 

Alameda  County :  Reddish  violet  kammererite  occurs  Avith  chromite 
on  Cedar  Mountain  at  the  Mendenhall  mine,  Rogers^^^ 

Butte  County:  Prochlorite  is  a  constituent  of  the  schists  at  Forbes- 
town,  specimens  coming  from  the  Gold  Bank  mine. 

Contra  Costa  County:  Prochlorite  was  described  and  analyzed  from 
the  schists  near  San  Pablo  bv  Blasdale'^^^ 


H2O 

SiOo 

AI0O3 

Fe^Os 

FeO 

aigo 

CaO 

Na^O 

at  100°  ab. 100° 

27.3S 

26.15 

0.78 

12.70 

18.92 



1.15 

1.51       11.44 

=  100.03% 

Del  Norte  County :  Kammererite  has  been  observed  coating  chromite 
from  this  county. 

Lassen  County :  Large  brown  plates  of  jefferisite  occur  at  Susanville 
according  to  Hanks^'*^ 

Mendocino  County:  Small  flakes  have  been  observed  in  this  county. 

Placer  County:  Kammererite  occurs  on  chromite  in  Green  Valley 
above  Dutch  Flat. 

Rose-red  kotschubeite  also  occurs  on  chromite  in  the  serpentine  of 
Green  Valley,  above  Dutch  Flat,  Lindgren'^^^  It  has  been  analysed  by 
Melville(i).  ' 

H2O 

SiOs         AI0O3  CrjOs         FeO  NiO  CaO  MgO       at  105°       ab.  105° 

31.74'        6.74         11.39         1.23         0.49         O.IS         35.18         0.37         12.68 

Riverside  County :  Corundophyllite  has  been  found  at  Roggentramp. 
Clinochlore  occurs  in  pale  green  flakes  with  vesuvianite  in  the  lime- 
stone at  Crestmore. 

San  Benito  County :  Red  kammererite  occurs  on  chromite  associated 
with  uvarovite  at  New  Idria.  Brush <^i\ 

Santa  Barbara  County  :  Brown  crystals  of  chalcodite  have  come  from 
this  count3\ 

Tulare  County:  Hanks^^^  mentions  jefferisite  from  this  county. 

220.     SERPENTINE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia,  H4Mg3Si;09. 

Monoclinic.  Commonly  massive,  compact  to  fibrous.  Color  leek-green, 
oil-green,  brown,  black.  Greasy  luster.  Feels  smooth,  sometimes  greasy. 
H  =  2.5  — 4;  G  =  2.5  — 2.65. 

Serpentine  is  one  of  the  commonest  minerals  and  also  rocks  of  the 
State.     It  occurs  in  every  county,  and  probably  all  the  varieties  are 


MINER^U^S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  149 

present.  It  is  a  common  alteration  product  of  basic  igneous  rocks  rich 
in  magnesian  silicates,  and  it  has  all  been  formed  by  alteration  and 
metamorphism  of  such  rocks.  Besides  the  ordinary  massive  serpentine, 
retinolite,  porcellophitc,  marmolite,  chrysotilc,  picroUte'  and  metaxite 
have  been  observed  in  petrographical  literature.  The  only  variety  of 
commercial  importance  is  the  fibrous  or  asbestiform  variety  kno^\^l  as 
chrj'sotile,  or  asbestos,  which  occurs  as  narrow  veins  in  the  massive 
material  mostly  too  narrow  to  be  of  value.  The  massive  serpentine 
ranges  in  color  from  light  green  to  greenish  black  but  \evy  little  of  it 
can  be  utilized  as  an  ornamental  stone  on  account  of  its  foliated  and 
sheared  structure.  Turner  and  Melville^^^  give  several  analyses  of 
serpentine  rock  from  ]\Iount  Diablo. 

Serpentine  is  abundant  in  the  Coast  Eange  from  San  Diego  to  Del 
Norte  County  and  also  on  the  west  flank  of  the  Sierras. 

Amador  County:  A  fine  mottled  serpentine  occurs  1|  miles  west  of 
Sugar  Loaf  Mountain.  Broad  sheets  and  long  fibers  of  chrysotile  occur 
in  serpentine  in  the  American  River  Canyon  near  Towle. 

El  Dorado  County :  Veins  of  fibrous  chrysotile  are  found  at  Forest 
Hill. 

Inyo  County :  Long  fibers  of  asbestos  occur  at  Cerro  Gordo. 

Lake  County:  Becker^^^  gives  analj^'ses  by  Melville  of  the  serpentine 
at  Sulphur  Bank.     1.  Black;  2.  Light  green. 

SiOe    AI2O3      Ct.Os      FeO      MnO        NiO  CaO       MgO        H2O 

1.  39.G4     1.30      0.29       7.7G      0.12       0.33         __        37.13       13.81       =100.38% 

2.  41.86     0.69       0.24       4.15       0.20         tr.  __        38.63       14.16       =   99.93 

Mariposa  County :  Small  veins  of  chrysotile  occur  in  the  serpentine 
near  Mariposa. 

Nevada  County:  Massive  serpentine  is  common  in  the  Grass  Valley 
and  Nevada  City  region.  Zones  of  short  fibrous  chrysotile  occur  in  the 
Washington  district  on  the  South  Yuba  River. 

Placer  County :  Long  fibers  of  chrysotile  occur  at  AVisconsin  Hill, 
Iowa  Hill  and  Arizona  Flat. 

Plumas  County :  Diller^^^  gives  an  analysis  by  Melville  of  serpentine 
from  Greenville. 

S1O2  AI2O3       FeoOs         FeO  CaO  MgO  HoQ 

39.14        2.08        4.27         2.04  tr.  39.84        12.70         =100.07% 

San  Benito  County:  Becker^^>  gives  an  analysis  by  ]\Ielville  of  a  light 

green  marmolite  from  New  Idria. 

CaO         MgO  H=o 

=  100.03% 

San  Francisco  County:  Newberry^^^  gives  an  analysis  of  the  serpen- 
tine of  San  Francisco. 

SlOo  AI0O3         CroOs     FeO     MnO         CaO  MgO  HjO 

39.60         1.94        0.20  8.45  __  36.90        12.91         =100.00% 


Si02 

AloOa 

FeO 

XiO 

CaO 

MgO 

H2O 

41.54 

2.48 

1.37 

0.04 

__ 

40.42 

14.18 

150  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Santa  Clara  County:  Small  veins  of  clirysotile  occur  in  the  serpen- 
tine near  New  Almaden. 

Shasta  County :  Large  tibrous  masses  of  clirysotile  asbestos  occur 
near  Simon's  Station. 

Tulare  County :  A  chrysotile  variety  giving  cat  's-eye  effect  and  called 
' '  satelite ' '  comes  from  this  county. 

Tuolumne  County :  The  serpentine  near  Chinese  and  Montezuma  con- 
tains small  veins  of  chrysotile. 


221.     DEWEYLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,   4MgO.3SlO2.6H2O. 

Amorphous.     Massive,     gum-like.     Color     whitish,     yellowish,      reddish. 
Greasy  luster.     H  =  2  — 3.5;  G  =  2  — 2.2. 

A  whitish  clay-like  mass  with  greasy  luster.  Its  occurrence  in  the 
State  may  be  more  general  than  is  known. 

Santa  Clara  County :  At  the  big  magnesite  mine  on  Red  Mountain, 
crusts  of  deweylite  have  been  found  and  described  by  Rogers "^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Specimens  resembling  deweylite  have  come  from  this 
county. 


222.     MONTMORILLONITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  HjALSi^Ojo-nHoO. 
Massive,  clay-like.     Color  rose-red.     Soft. 

A  massive  clay-like  mineral  indistinguishable  from  clay  except  by 
analysis. 

Inyo  County :  Found  in  Death  Valley. 

San  Diego  County :  Some  of  the  pink  clay  associated  with  the  tour- 
maline of  Pala  may  be  in  part  montmorillonite.  Mentioned  by  Good- 
year'^i^  as  forming  a  deposit  about  three  miles  northeast  of  Otay.  This 
white  to  reddish  soapy  material  is  classed  as  a  rock  soap. 


223.     TALC — Steatite — Soapstone. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  HoMg3Si40,2- 

Monocliuic.  Foliated  massive  to  granular  and  compact  massive.  Color 
gray,  white,  pale  green,  apple-green,  brown.  Greasy  luster  and  feel. 
H  =  l  — 1.5;  G  =  2.7  — 2.8. 

Talc  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  metamorphic  areas  of  the  State, 
forming  talc  schists  and  talc  gouge  in  mines.     It  occurs  as  a  hydration 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  151 

product  in  the  alteration  of  magnesian  silicates,  and  is  often  associated 
with  serpentine  and  with  aetinolite.  The  massive  soapstone  variety  is 
of  value  and  some  is  quarried  in  the  State.  The  location  of  some  of 
the  deposits  is  given  by  Aubury^^^  but  most  of  them  are  of  little  value. 

Alameda  County :  Light  green  talc  outcrops  in  the  serpentine  about 
twenty  miles  southeast  of  Livermore. 

Amador  County :  Talc  occurs  in  the  schists  near  Jackson. 

Butte  County :  Soapstone  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  Flea  Valley  and 
Clear  Creek.  Narrow  seams  of  talc  occur  in  the  Big  Bend  of  the  North 
Fork  of  the  Feather  River.     Gray  soapstone  near  Buck's  ranch. 

Calaveras  County :  Talc  seams  are  found  two  miles  northeast  of 
Angels  and  on  Quail  Hill.  Deposits  2^  miles  west  of  Murphys  and  1^ 
miles  southwest  of  Vallecito  have  been  utilized  to  some  extent. 

Contra  Costa  County :  An  analysis  of  the  talc  from  the  schists  near 
San  Pablo  was  made  by  Blasdale^^^ 


H.O 

SiO-. 

Al>03 

FeeOa 

FeO 

MgO 

CaO 

at  100°     ab. 100° 

5G.02 

9.02 

1.10 

5.14 

24.10 

0.60 

0.16         4.34 

=  100.4S7o 

El  Dorado  County :  In  the  Kelsey  district  and  at  Georgetown  some 
talc  occurs. 

Glenn  County :  Talc  seams  occur  with  the  serpentine  on  the  eastern 
border  of  the  county. 

Kern  County :  Steatite  occurs  on  Soapstone  Mountain. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Soapstone  is  found  with  serpentine  at  Empire 
Landing.  Santa  Catalina  Island. 

]\Iarin  County :  Some  talc  is  found  near  San  Rafael  and  Taylorville. 

Mariposa  County :  Small  amounts  of  talc  are  found  near  Princeton, 
and  in  the  Lewis  district. 

Napa  County :  Seams  of  talc  with  serpentine  are  found  in  the  Chiles 
district. 

Nevada  County :  Specimens  occur  in  the  Grass  Valley  region. 

Placer  County :  Outcrops  of  talc  occur  a  few  miles  north  of  Colfax. 

Riverside  County :  A  white,  scaly  talc  occurs  about  three  miles  south- 
west of  Winchester,  and  near  Perris. 

Sacramento  County :  Talc  occurs  with  chromite  on  Bear  Mountain, 
near  Mormon  Island. 

San  Bernardino  County  :  A  talcose  clay  called  ' '  rock  soap ' '  is  found 
near  AVaterinan. 

San  Diego  County :  A  rock  soap  is  found  near  National  City,  at 
Otay  and  in  Tia  Juana  Valley.  Steatite  specimens  come  from  about 
five  miles  from  Escondido. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Rock  soap  occurs  on  the  Santa  Maria  River. 

Santa  Cruz  County :  Some  talc  occurs  near  Aptos. 

Shasta  County :  Talc  is  found  on  Boulder  Creek. 


152  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Sierra  County :  Soapstone  suitable  for  slabs  has  been  quarried  near 
Pike  City. 

Siskiyou  County :  Tale  occurs  in  several  localities  associated  Avith  the 
serpentine  areas  of  the  county.  It  is  found  near  Etna,  near  Fort  Jones, 
near  the  head  of  WoUey  Creek,  near  Scott,  and  in  the  Cottonwood 
Mountain. 

Sonoma  County:  A  soft  green  talc  is  associated  with  actiuolite  at 
Petaluma.     A  French  chalk  variety  is  found  at  Pine  Flat. 

Trinity  County:  Light  gray  soapstone  occurs  on  Brown's  Mountain. 

Tulare  County:  Specimens  of  talc  are  found  near  Visalia. 

Tuolumne  County:  A  greenish  white  talc  is  found  about  nine  miles 
north  of  Sonora.     Talc  also  occurs  at  Shaw's  Flat  and  on  Yankee  Hill. 

Yuba  County :  Soapstone  has  been  quarried  for  local  use  near  Camp- 
tonville  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Challenge,  and  Oak  Valley. 


224.     PYROPHYLLITE. 
Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  H2Al2Si40i2. 

Monoclinic.  Radiating  fibrous,  compact  granular,  lamellar.  Cleavage 
perfect  basal.  Color  white,  apple-green,  light  brown,  gray.  Pearly  luster. 
H  =  l  — 2;  G  =  2.8  —  2.9.     Soft  and  greasy  like  talc. 

Pyrophyllite  resembles  talc  so  closely  in  its  properties  that  it  is 
generally  classed  as  talc.  It  occurs  generally  in  schists  and  gneisses, 
often  associated  with  cyanite. 

Agalmatolite  is  an  indurated  talc  or  pyrophyllite  often  carved  into 
small  ornaments. 

Alameda  County :  A  radiating  fibrous  variety  occurs  near  Irvington. 

Marin  County :  A  fibrous  radiating  pyrophyllite  has  been  found  on 
Mount  Tamalpais. 

Mariposa  County :  Gray  masses  of  radiating,  fibrous  rosettes  occur  at 
Tres  Cerritos,  southwest  of  Indian  Gulch,  which  have  been  described 
by  Turner(4>.  An  analysis  of  the  pyrophyllite  from  this  locality  has 
been  made  by  H.  C.  McNeil. 


H2O 

SiOo 

AI0O3 

Fe^Os 

MgO 

at  105°    ab. 105° 

TiOo 

65.96 

28.25 

0.18 

none 

0.14         5.27 

tr. 

=  99.80% 

Plumas  County :  Some  pyrophyllite  occurs  at  the  Diadem  Lode, 
Meadow  Valley. 

San  Diego  County :  A  mottled  pyrophyllite  occurs  near  San  Diego. 
A  compact  cream-colored  agalmatolite  with  dark  red  streaks  occurs  near 
Encinitas,  Rogers^^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Some  massive  pyrophyllite  has  come  from 
this  county. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  153 

225.     ALLOPHANE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  alumiDium,  ALSiOs.SHoO. 

Amorphous.     Incrustations.     Colorless,  pale  sky-blue,  green,  brown.     Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  3;  G  =  1.S5  —  1.89. 

This  is  a  rare  amorphous  mineral  occurring  as  an  incrustation. 
San  Luis  Obispo  County  :  A  specimen  has  come  from  Arroya  Grande. 


226.     SEPIOLITE— Meerschaum. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesium,  H^MgaSiaOio. 

Compact.     Earthy   texture  and  smooth   feel.     Color  white.     Dull   luster. 
H  1=2  — 2.5;  G  =  2.     When  dry  floats  on  water. 

Sepiolite  occurs  as  a  compact  earthy  white  mineral  with  a  smooth 
feel.  When  dry  it  floats  on  water.  It  is  a  valuable  mineral,  but  its 
occurrence  in  California  is  doubtful. 

Inyo  County:  Mentioned  by  Hanks^^^  as  possibly  occurring  at  the 
Half  Dollar  mine. 

Kern  County:  Reported  to  have  been  found  in  this  county. 


227.     CELADON  ITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium  and  potassium. 

Earthy  or  in  minute  scales.     Very  soft.     Color  deep  olive-green  or  apple- 
green.     Greasy  feel. 

An  earthy  green  mineral  usually  found  in  minute  scales,  having  a 
greasy  feel  like  talc. 

San  Mateo  County :  A  specimen  has  come  from  near  San  Mateo. 


228.     KAOLINITE— Kaolin— Clay. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  ALO3.2SiO2.II2O. 

Monocliuic.  Occurs  occasionally  in  scales  and  plates  but  is  generally  mas- 
sive, earthj-,  clay-like.  Color  white,  yellow,  red  brown.  Vitreous  to  dull 
luster.     H  =  2  — 2..'5;  G  =  2.G.     Plastic. 

Kaolinite  forms  the  base  of  clays.  It  is  derived  by  the  alteration  of 
rocks  containing  aluminium  silicates,  especially  the  feldspars,  and  most 
good  clays  come  from  the  alteration  of  the  potash  feldspar,  orthoclase. 
As  clay  it  is  usually  quite  impure  with  iron,  sand  and  other  impurities, 
thus  giving  rise  to  many  varieties  which  may  be  suitable  for  one 
purpose  and  not  for  another.     Chiys  possess  more  or  loss  plasticity,  the 


154  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

highly  plastic  kinds  being  used  for  pottery  and  chinaware  while  the 
sandy  and  less  plastic  kinds  may  make  bricks  and  terra-cotta  ware. 

There  are  extensive  deposits  of  clay  in  the  State  and  Aubury^^)  gives 
the  location  of  some  of  them.  Many  analyses  of  clay  are  also  available, 
but  these  analyses  and  the  many  occurrences  of  clay  in  the  State  are 
beyond  the  scope  of  this  book. 

Rock  soap  and  Mountain  soap  are  names  applied  to  impure  clay-like 
masses  having  a  soapy  feel.  They  belong  perhaps  under  the  species 
talc,  halloysite,  or  montmorillonite. 

LitJwmargc  is  a  finely  compact  variety  which  might  be  classed  as  a 
halloysite.  Some  has  been  found  at  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knox- 
ville,  Napa  County. 

F idler's  earth  is  a  sort  of  non-plastic  clay  suitable  for  decolorizing 
and  purifying  fats  and  oils. 


229.     RECTORITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O. 

Monocliuic.     In    leaves    like    mountain    leather.     Soft    with    soapy    feel. 
Color  white.     Pearly  luster. 

This  mineral  exists  as  white,  pearly  scales  with  a  greasy  feel.  It  is  a 
rare  mineral. 

Amador  County :  Found  in  pearly  scales  near  lone  by  Turner*^^)  and 
analysed  by  Hillebrand. 


HnO 

SlOo 

TiOe 

AloOa    FeoOs 

FeO    CaO 

KoO 

Na^O 

at  100°  ab. 100° 

55.88 

0..jO 

30.24    0.45 

0.16     tr. 

0.42 

0.34 

0.63       11.72 

=  100.31% 

Calaveras  County :  A  mineral  similar  in  appearance  has  been  found 
in  the  gangue  of  the  mines  at  Angels  and  elsewhere  in  the  Mother  Lode. 


230.     HALLOYSITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  H^ALSioOcj.HoO. 

Massive.     Earthy  clay-like  masses.     Color  white,  gray,  greenish,  reddish. 
Waxy  luster.     Slightly  plastic.     H  =  l  —  2;  G  =  2  —  2.2. 

A  clay-like  material  occurring  in  masses  which  are  indistinguishable 
from  ordinary  clay  except  by  an  analysis.  It  is  usually  less  plastic  than 
clay. 

Lenzinite  is  a  compact  "rock  soap"  form  of  halloysite  or  clay. 

Inyo  County :  Lenzinite  has  been  reported  from  Owens  Valley  by 
Hanks^^^.  A  banded  white  and  brown  halloysite  occurs  at  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mine,  Rogers^^^ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  155 

Lassen  County :  Halloysite  occurs  at  Heyden  Hill. 
Mono  County:  Halloysite  was  analysed  from  the  Detroit  mine,  near 
Mono  Lake,  by  Clarke(i>. 

SiO..         AI2O3        Fe,03       CaO         MgO  HoQ 

42.91        38.40         tr.         0.00         1.50         18.00         =101.05% 

San  Diego  County :  IMassive  pink  halloysite  occurs  at  Pala  with  the 
gem  tourmaline  and  has  been  analysed  by  Schaller^^^ 

SiOo  TiOe  AI2O3        FeaO.-!        MnO         CaO  MgO         LioO        NaeO  K2O 

43.62         uoue         35.55         0.21         0.26         1.02         0.19         0.23         0.10  0.03 

H:.0 

at  107°     ab. 107° 
6.63        12.25         =100.18% 

Ventura  County :  An  analysis  of  lenzinite  from  this  county  has  been 
made  bv  Merrill. 


231.     CIMOLITE. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  2AL03.9SiOo6H20. 

Amorphous.     Clay-like  or  chalky.     Color  white,  grayish  or  reddish.     Soft. 
G  =  2.18  — 2.30. 

An  amorphous  clay-like  or  chalky  mineral  of  rare  occurrence. 
Lake  County :  Found  in  the  Uncle  Sam  quicksilver  mine,  near  Clear 
Lake. 


232.     CHRYSOCOLLA. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  copper,  CuSi03.2H20. 

Cryptocrystalline.,    Opal-like,  earthy,   incrustations.     Color  bluish  greeu. 
turquois-blue.     Vitreous  to  dull  luster.     H  =  2  —  4  ;  G  =  2  —  2.24. 

Small  amounts  of  chrysocolla  occur  in  most  of  the  copper  districts  of 
the  State,  but  there  are  no  deposits  of  the  silicate.  It  occurs  as  an 
oxidation  product  of  copper  minerals,  and  is  usually  a  stain  or  incrusta- 
tion. 

Amador  County :  Common  at  Volcano. 

Calaveras  County :  Common  as  a  staining  material  at  Campo  Seco 
and  at  Copperopolis. 

Fresno  County :  Found  at  the  Xe  Plus  Ultra  mine. 

Inyo  County :  Common  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines.  Occurs  pseudo- 
morph  after  limonite  at  the  Aries  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Reported  from  the  old  Kelsey  mine,  San  Ga- 
briel Canyon  by  Storms^^\ 

Mariposa  County:  In  streaks  near  IMariposa. 

Mono  County:  Common  at  Lundy  and  Benton  districts.  With  part- 
zite  at  the  Diana  mine,  Blind  Springs  district. 


156  STATE   MINING   BUREAU. 

Nevada  County:  Common  with  the  copper  of  Meadow  Valley  and 
also  at  Spenceville. 

Plumas  County :  Banded  masses  with  malachite  occur  at  the  Engels 
mine,  Light's  Canyon  and  in  the  Mohawk  Valley. 

San  Benito  County :  Small  amounts  occur  with  chalcocite  in  natrolite 
at  the  benitoite  locality,  Louderback^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County:  Common  in  the  Calico  and  Bismark  dis- 
tricts, Lindgren<^'*\  Massive  at  the  Copper  World  mine,  Clarke  Moun- 
tain. 

San  Diego  County :  Common  in  the  Julian  and  Banner  districts. 


233.     CHLOROPAL. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  iron,  Hf,Fe2Si30i2.2H„0. 

Compact  massive,  opal-Iike.     Color  pistachio-green,  greenish  yellow.     Dull 
luster.     H  =  2.5  — 4.5;  G= 1.72  — 2.01. 

Chloropal  is  a  green,  opal-like  mineral  of  rare  occurrence. 

Nontronitc  is  a  yellowish  variety. 

El  Dorado  County:  Nontronite  was  observed  at  Georgetown  altered 
to  limonite. 

Kern  County :  Specimens  of  chloropal  have  come  from  the  mountains 
east  of  Bakersfield. 

Mariposa  County:  Nontronite  has  been  found  with  garnet  in  this 
county. 

Placer  County :  Specimens  of  chloropal  have  come  from  Bath. 


234.     STRATOPEITE— Neotocite. 

Hydrous  silicate  of  manganese  and  iron. 
Amorphous.    Color  black  to  dark  brown.    Dull  luster.     H  =  3  —  4;  G  =  2.G4. 
Sonoma  County:  A  dark  brown  amorphous  mineral  with  dull  luster, 
supposed  to  be  stratopeite  has  come  from  this  county. 


(  235.     PILINITE. 

Hydrous    silicate    of   calcium    and    aluminium. 

Found  in  felt-like  masses  resembling  mountain  leather  and  asbestos 
G=2.26. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Found  on  quartz  at  New  Almaden. 
Yuba  County :  Occurs  at  Smartsville. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  157 


TITANO  SILICATES. 


236.     TITAN  ITE—Sphene. 

Titano-silicate  of  calcium,   CaTiSiOj. 

Moiioclinic.  Wedge-shaped  crystals,  sometimes  massive.  Color 
brown,  yellow,  gray,  yellowish  green.  Adamantine  luster.  H  =  5  —  5.5. 
G  =  3.4  — 3.56. 

Titanite  is  a  common  accessory  mineral  of  the  granites,  gneisses  and 
schists  of  the  State.  It  has  been  mentioned  by  most  writers  in  their 
petrographical  descriptions  as  a  microscopic  constituent  of  the  rocks, 
and  large  crystals  are  seldom  found. 

Leucoxene  is  a  grayish  alteration  product  of  ilmenite,  rutile  and 
titanite  often  observed  in  rocks  containing  those  minerals. 

Contra  Costa  County  :  Titanite  is  mentioned  as  an  associate  of  crossite 
in  the  schists  near  San  Pablo,  by  Palache^-^ 

El  Dorado  County:  Titanite  was  first  observed  by  Blake^'^)  in  the 
granite  of  Slippery  Ford  and  other  places  of  the  Sierras. 

Fresno  County:  Titanite  is  a  constituent  of  the  rocks  at  Fine  Gold 
Gulch. 

]\Iarin  County :  Occurs  as  one  of  the  minerals  of  the  lawsonite  schists 
of  the  Tiburon  Peninsular,  Ransome^^^ 

Plumas  County :  Leucoxene  is  mentioned  by  Murgoci*^^)  in  the  sye- 
nite of  Spanish  Peak. 

San  Diego  County :  Titanite  is  an  associate  of  dumortierite  at  Dehesa, 
Schaller(5). 

San  Francisco  County :  A  constituent  of  the  rocks  of  San  Francisco, 
Lawson^"^ 

Santa  Clara  County :  Fine  large  crystals  occur  in  the  eclogites  of 
Calaveras  Valley,  in  the  quartzite  and  diorite  of  Oak  Hill,  near  San 
Jose,  and  it  is  a  common  constituent  of  the  glaucophane  rocks  of  the 
Coastal  region,  Murgoci^^^ 


237.     BENITOITE. 
Titano-silicate  of  barium,  BaTiSisOg. 

Hexagonal,  rhomboliedral.  Prisms  with  trigonal  pyramids.  Colorless 
to  deep  blue.  Vitreous  luster.  Transparent,  strongly  dichroic.  H  =  G.5; 
G  =  3.04  —  3.65. 

San  Benito  County:  Colorless  and  beautiful  sapphire-blue  crystals 
of  this  new  gem  mineral  were  discovered  in  1907  near  the  headwaters 
of  the  San  Benito  River,  about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Coalinga  and 
the  mineral  was  described  by  Louderback^^),^^)  They  show  the  forms: 
(0001),  (lOTO),  (lOTl),  (OlTl),  (1120),  (10T2),  (2241^,  and  are  of  tri- 


158  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

gonal  habit.  The  crystals  occur  in  a  zone  of  narrow  veins  of  natrolite  in 
serpentine  and  have  associated  with  them  neptnnite,  chalcocite,  chryso- 
colla,  actinolite,  crossite,  albite,  aegyrine,  caleite,  aragonite  and  psilome- 
lane.     Analyses  of  the  mineral  were  made  by  W.  C.  Blasdale : 

SiOa  TiOs  BaO 

43.5G  20.18  36.34  =100.08% 

Sp.  G.  =  3.64  — 3.G7 
43.79  20.00  36.31  =100.10 

Additional  notes   on  benitoite  have   been  made  by   Baumhauer*^^, 
Hlawatsch^i^,  Palache^^^  and  Eogers^^) 


238.     NEPTUNITE. 

Titano-silicate  of  iron,  manganese,  potassium  and  sodium   (Na,K)2(Fe,Mu)TiSi40i2. 
Monoclinic.     Prismatic  crystals.     Color  black,  in  thin  splinters  blood-red. 

Streak  cinnamon-brown.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  5  —  6;   G  =  3.234. 

San  Benito  County :  Black  crystals  of  neptnnite  accompany  benitoite 
and  these  were  first  described  by  Louderback^^^^^^  The  crystals  are 
deep  blood-red  in  thin  splinters  and  show  the  forms:  (001),  (100), 
(110),  (111),  (Til),  (112),  (211),  (221),  (311). 

An  analysis  was  made  by  Blasdale : 


SiOa             TiOs 

FeO        MnO           CaO        MgO         KsO 

Na^O 

53.44         17.18 

11.23         1.7S         0.25         1.82         5.39 

9.14 

=  100.23% 

The  mineral 

was  later  analysed  by  Bradley*^^^ : 

SiOa           Ti02 

FeO        MnO           CaO        MgO         K;0 

NaoO 

52.91         17.77 

11.54         0.82         1..59         1.41         5.11 

9.83 

=  100.98% 

52.83         17.89 

11.83         0.88         1.53         1.48         5.06 

9.28 

=  100.78 

Further  notes  on  neptnnite  by  Ford'^^^  and  Schaller(i*^>. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


159 


CHAPTER  X. 


PHOSPHATES,  VANADATES,  ARSENATES,  ANTIMONATES, 
NITRATES,  BORATES,  NIOBATES-TANTALATES,  TUNGS- 
TATES,  MOLYBDATES  AND  URANATES. 


Phosi)hatcs. 
Monazite 
Triphylite 
Lithiophilite 
Apatite 
Pyromorphite 
Amblygouite 
Lazulite 
Vivianite 
Plumbogummite 
Purpurite 
Turquois 
Hureaulite 
Palaite 
Stewartite 
Salinonsite 
Strengite 
Sicklerite 


^'alla(latcs. 

Pucherite 

Vanadinite 

Cuprodescloizite 

Volborthite 
Arsenates. 

Mimetite 

Erythrite 

Annabergite 

Scorodite 

Liroconite 

Pitticite 
Antimonates. 

Bindheimite 
yitrates. 

Soda  niter 

Niter 

Nitrocalcite 

Darapskite 

Nitroglauberite 


Borates. 

Lndwigite 

Borax 

Colemanite 

Ulexite 

Ilydroboracite 

Bakerite 

Howlite 
Aiobatcs-ta  ntalates. 

Pyrochlore 

Microlite 

Columbite 

Stibiotantalite 
Tungstates. 

Hiibnerite 

Wolframite 

Scheelite 

Ciiproscheelite 
Moli/bdatc. 

Wiilfenite 
Uranates. 

Uraninite 

Uracouite 


PHOSPHATES. 

The  only  phosphate  of  commercial  importance  as  a  source  of  phos- 
phoric acid  is  the  lime  phosphate,  represented  by  apatite  and  lime 
phosphate  rock,  deposits  of  which  have  not  been  found  in  the  State. 
Masses  of  amblygouite  occur,  which  have  been  mined  for  lithia,  and 
veins  and  seams  of  turquois  are  mined  for  the  gem,  but  the  rest  of  the 
phosphates  are  very  rare  in  the  State. 


239.     MONAZITE. 
Pliosphate  of  cerium,   lauthauum   and   didymium    (Ce,La.Di)P04. 
Mouoclinic.     Crystals   rare.     Commonly    in   grains   as   sand.     Color   yel- 


lowish brown,  sometimes  reddish.     Vitreous  to  resinous  luster. 
G  =  5.0. 


H  =  .j 


a.o ; 


Monazite  has  been  detected  in  the  black  sands  and  concentrates  from 
some  of  the  mines  but  no  deposits  of  tiiis  important  mineral  are  known 
in  the  State.  Its  presence  in  the  sands  has  been  noted  by  Day  and 
Richards<i>. 


160  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Butte  County :  Traces  of  monazite  have  been  found  in  the  black  sands 
of  Little  Eock  Creek. 

Del  Norte  County :  Observed  in  the  sands  at  Crescent  City  and 
on  Gilbert  Creek. 

El  Dorado  County:  Traces  have  been  found  in  the  concentrates  of 
the  Brownsville  district  and  at  Placerville. 

Humboldt  County:  Observed  at  Trinidad. 

Placer  County :  Traces  at  Michigan  Bluff. 

Plumas  County:  Occurs  in  the  sand  at  Nelson  Point. 

Yuba  County :  Traces  in  the  Brownsville  district. 


240.     TRIPHYLITE. 

Phosphate  of  lithium  and  iron,  LjFePOi. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly  massive.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color 
bluish  gray,  light  blue,  grayish  green.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  4.o  — 5; 
G= 3.42  — 3.56. 

This  rare  phosphate  usually  contains  manganese  and  grades  into 
lithiophilite. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  the  lithia  mines  at  Pala  associated  with 
lithiophilite  and  purpurite,  Graton  and  Schaller^^^ 


241.     LITHIOPHILITE. 

Phosphate  of  lithium  and  manganese,  LiMnPOi. 

Orthorhombic.     Commonly      massive.     Cleavage      perfect      basal.     Color 
brown,   salmon-pink.     Vitreous   luster.     H=:4.5  —  5;    G  =  3.42  —  3.56. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  with  triphylite  and  purpurite  as  an  altera- 
tion product  of  triphylite  at  Pala,  Graton  and  Schaller^^^. 


242.     APATITE. 

Phosphate  of  calcium  with  chlorine  or  fluorine  (CaCI)Ca4(PO.i)3  or 

(CaF)Ca,(P04)3. 

Hexagonal.     Prismatic  crystals,  granular,  massive.     Color  brown,  green, 
yellow,  pink,  colorless.     Vitreous  to  greasy  luster.     H  =  5;  G  =  3.17  —  3.23. 

Apatite  has  been  observed  as  small  crystals  in  many  of  the  rocks  of 
the  State,  but  no  deposits  of  the  mineral  are  known. 

Contra  Costa  Countj^ :  Found  in  brownish  masses  in  the  schists  north 
of  Berkeley. 

Fresno  County :  Observed  in  the  rocks  near  Dunlap. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  161 

Plumas  County :  A  constituent  of  the  sj^enite  of  Spanish  Peak,  ]\Iur- 
goci*^^\ 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  the  gneiss  at  Dehesa  with  duinortierite, 
Schaller'^\  Tabular  crystals  of  violet  and  pink  colors  occur  at  the  old 
]\Iack  mine  near  Rincon.  At  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  pale  dirty  green 
crystalsocciir  with  the  forms:  (0001),  (lOTO),  (1121),  (10T2),  (lOTl), 
(31-11),  Rogers'^\  Crystals  are  also  found  on  South  Mountain  and  at 
Mesa  Grande. 

San  Francisco  County:  Mentioned  by  Lawson^^)  jj^  ^j^p  rocks  of  San 
Francisco. 


243.     PYROMORPHITE. 

Phosphate   of  lead   with   chlorine    (PbCl)Pb4(P04)3. 

Hexagonal.     Prismatic   crystals,    columnar,    massive.     Color   bro^n,    yel- 
lowish green.     Adamantine  luster.     H  =  3.5 — -4;   G  =  G.5  —  7.1. 

The  lead  phosphate  is  occasionally  found  in  the  mining  districts  as 
an  oxidation  product  of  galena  and  a  few  localities  are  kno\\Ti. 

Calaveras  County :  Green  crystals  in  gold  quartz  have  been  found  at 
the  Reliance  mine. 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurred  at  Mosquito  Gulch,  six  miles  northeast 
of  Placerville  as  a  yellowish  green  coloring  matter  in  botryoidal  chal- 
cedony and  as  a  crystalline  coating,  Turner*^\ 

Inyo  Comity:  Found  in  small  amounts  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district. 

Mariposa  County :  A  small  amount  was  found  in  the  mines  near 
Coulterville. 

Tulare  County :  Found  in  the  White  Chief  mine,  Mineral  King  dis- 
trict, Goodvear*^^ 


244.     AMBLYGONITE. 

Phosphate  of  lithium  and  aluminium  with  fluorine,   Li(AlF)P04. 

Triclinic.     Generally    massive.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color    white. 
Pearly  to  vitreous  luster.     H  =  6;  G  =  3.10. 

This  is  an  important  lithia  mineral,  and  but  one  deposit  is  known  in 
the  State. 

San  Diego  County :  A  large  mass  of  white  massive  amblygouite  occurs 
in  the  pegmatite  vein  carrying  the  rubellite  and  lepidolite  and  was 
mined  at  the  Stewart  mine,  Pala.  The  minei-al  was  analvzed  by 
Schaller(3). 


Pl-O.-. 

48.83 

AloOa 

33.70 

FeoOs 
0.12 

MnO 
0.09 

MgO 
0.31 

L1;0         Na^O         HoO 
9.SS         0.14         5.95 

11—8560 

F 
2.29 

TIO2 
none 

0 
=  101.31  —  0.9G         =  100.357o 

162  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

A  few  small  specimens  of  white  cleavable  amblygonite  have  been 
found  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  Rogers^^^ 


245.     LAZULITE. 
Basic  phosphate  of  aluminium,  iron  and  magnesium   (Fe,Mg)  AL^OHK-PsOs- 
Monoclinic.     Sharp  pointed  pyramids,  granular.     Color  azureV)]ue.     Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  5  — ^  6  ;  G  =  3.05. 

Lazulite  is  a  rare  phosphate  found  in  quartzites  and  nietamorphic 
rocks. 

Inyo  County :  Lazulite  occurs  in  a  white  quartz  vein  intersecting 
schist  in  Breyfogle  Canyon,  Death  Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Specimens  have  been  found  in  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains. 

Mono  County:  Blue  lazulite  occurs  as  bands  in  a  white  quartzite 
associated  with  rutile,  near  Mono  Lake. 

Deep  blue  lazulite  was  found  in  a  quartz  vein  in  Green  .Creek  Canyon, 
near  Bodie,  Rogers^^\ 

San  Diego  County :  Some  lazulite  has  been  reported  as  found  in  the 
rock  at  Oceanside. 


246.     VIVIANITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  FeaPoOs-SHjO. 

Monoclinic.  Long  prismatic  crystals,  earthy,  incrustations.  Cleavage 
perfect  clinopinacoidal.  Color  generally  sky-blue  or  green,  rarely  colorless. 
Pearly  to  dull  luster.     H  =  1.5  —  2  ;  G  =  2.58  —  2.68. 

The  iron'  phosphate  is  formed  in  rocks,  usually  sedimentary  rocks, 
by  decaying  phosphatic  matter  such  as  bones,  in  the  presence  of  iron. 

Alameda  County:  Small  specimens  of  earthy  blue  vivianite  were 
found  some  years  ago  in  the  hills  back  of  Berkeley  and  were  reported 
by  Hanks ^6\ 

Calaveras  County :  Has  been  found  at  Copperopolis. 

Humboldt  County:  Occurs  in  the  rock  at  Yager. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Early  observed  as  earthy  blue  masses  in  the 
asphalt  bed  of  the  Rancho  de  la  Brea,  where  it  formed  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  the  bones  of  extinct  animals.     Mentioned  by  "W.  P.  Blake^^^^ 

Madera  County:  Dark  blue  earthy  masses  have  been  found  near 
Raymond. 

Yuba  County:  Good  crystals  occurred  near  Camptonville  and  were 
described  by  Jackson^^).  They  showed  the  forms:  (010),  (100),  (110), 
(111),  (101),  (411),  (410). 


MINERALS    OP    CALIFORNIA.  163 

247.     PURPURITE. 
Hjdrous  phosphate  of  maugauose  and  iron    (Fe,Mn)203.P20vH:0. 

^     Orthorhombic.     Irregular    masses.     Color    deep    red    or    purple.     Satin 
luster.     H  =  4  —  4.5;   G  =  3.40. 

One  of  the  very  rare  minerals  associated  with  the  pegmatites  of  San 
Diego  County.     Of  a  deep  red  or  purple  color. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  at  Pala  in  a  pegmatitic  dike  on  Hiriart 
Hill,  associated  with  lithiophilite  and  triphylite,  Graton  and  Schaller^^). 


248.     TURQUOIS. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  aluminium.   AlP04.Al(OH)3.HoO. 

Massive.     In  thin  seams  and  incrustations.     Color  sky-blue,  bluish  green, 
apple-green.     Waxy  luster.     H  =  6;  G  =2.6  —  2.83. 

Thin  seams  of  apple-green  and  l)luish  green  turquois  occur  in  the 
State  which  are  suitable  for  gem  purposes  when  cut  with  the  matrix. 

Fresno  County:  A  specimen  of  turquois  (Kallaite)  was  found  on  the 
Taylor  ranch,  having  a  hexagonal  form  and  it  was  described  as  a 
pseudomorph  after  apatite.  Moore  and  Zepharovitch^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  Some  apple-green  turquois  has  been  found 
near  Victor.  Turcjuois  was  early  mined  from  a  deposit  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  the  county  in  the  high  mountains  north  of  Ivanpah. 
Considerable  light  green  gem  material  has  been  obtained  from  this 
district. 


249.     PLUMBOGUMMITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  lead  and  aluminium.  PbO.2AloO3.P2O5.     HoO. 

Hexagonal.     Globular,    incrustations,    compact    massive.     Color    reddish 
brown,  yellowish  graj-.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  4  —  5;  G  =  4  —  4.9. 

Inyo  County :  A  specimen  of  this  rare  mineral  has  been  found  at  the 
Cerro  Gordo  mine. 


250.     HUREAULITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese,  5MnO.2P2O5.5H2O. 

Monoclinic.     Groups  of  short  prisms.     Also  scaly,  massive.     Color  orange- 
red,  i-ose  and  nearly  colorless.     H  =  5;  G  =  3.18.5. 

San  Diego  County:  Found  in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  and  men- 
tioned by  Schaller<i^>. 


164  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

251.     PALAITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  inausanese,  5MnO.2P2O3.4H2O. 
MonoclinicV     Crystalline  masses.     Color   flesh-red.     G  =  3.14  —  3.20. 

San  Diego  County:  A  new  phosphate  of  manganese  having  a  flesh- 
red  color,  which  has  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  lithiophilite.  Found 
in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  and  described  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^^^. 
Analysis : 

FeO  MnO  CaO        FeoOs  P0O5  H2O         LijO       Insol. 

7.4S         40.S7         l.TT         0.16         39.02         10.43         tr.         0.S9         =100.62% 


252.     STEWARTITE, 

Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese. 
Tricliuic?     Minute  crystals.     G  =  2.94. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  as  an  abund- 
ant alteration  product  of  lithiophilite.  Finely  fibrous  doubly  refract- 
ing mineral  probably  triclinic.     Described  by  Schaller^i'*^ 


253.     SALMONSITE. 
Hydrous  phosphate  of  manganese  and  iron.   Fe203.9Mn0.4P205.14H20. 
Massive.     Color  buff-yellow.     G=2.S8. 

San  Diego  County :  A  new  mineral  resulting  from  the  alteration  of 
hureaulite,  having  a  buff-yellow  color,  occurring  in  the  Stewart  mine 
associated  with  fibrous  palaite  and  blue  strengite.  Described  and 
analysed  by  Schaller'^**'.     Analysis: 

FeO  MnO  CaO        FeaOa  P2O3  H2O  Insol. 

0.13         37.74         1.06         9.53         34.86         15.73         1.40         =100.45% 


254.     STRENGITE. 
Hydrous   phosphate   of  iron.     FeoO3.P2O5.4H2O. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally  in  spherical  and  botryoidal  forms.     Color  pale 
red.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  —  4  ;  G  =  2.87. 

San  Diego  County :  Found  in  the  Stewart  mine  at  Pala  associated 
with  salmonsite.  Schaller'^^\ 


MINERALS    OP    CALIFORNIA.  165 

255.     SICKLERITE. 

lijdious  phosphate  of  irou.  manganese  and  lithia,  Fe203.0Mn0.4Po05.3(Li,II)20. 
Massive.     Cokir   dark    brown.     Streak    light    yellowisli    brown.     G=3.45. 

San  Diego  County :  Occurs  in  cleavable  nuisses  at  tlic  Vanclerl)urg- 
Naylor  mine  on  Hiriart  Hill,  near  Pala.  Dark  l)ro\vn  mineral  result- 
ing from  the  alteration  of  lithiophilite.  Described  and  analysed  by 
Sehaller<^i-'\     Analysis: 

MnO  CaO  Fe^Os        Mn^O:!         P,.Or.  H2O  LioO         Insol. 

33.00         0.20         11.26         2.10         43.10         1.71         3.S0         4.1S         =09.95% 


256.     WILKEITE. 

Phosphate  and  silico-sulphate  of  calcium,  3Ca3(PO,),.CaC03  +  3Ca3  (SiC^t  (SO J  .CaO. 

Hexagonal.     Small    prismatic    crystals    and    grains.     Color    pale    rose- 
red.     Vitreous   luster.     11  =  5;   G  =  3.234. 

This  very  rare  mineral  is  unlike  any  other  in  having  four  acid 
radicals.     It  resembles  apatite  in  physical  properties. 

Riverside  County:  The  most  recently  discovered  new  mineral  in  the 
State,  occurring  in  blue  calcite,  with  diopside,  vesuvianite,  garnet  and 
its  alteration  product,  okenite.  at  the  limestone  quarry  at  Crestmore. 
Analysis  by  Eakle  and  Rogers^^^ 

CaO  MnO  PiOr.  SO3  SiO^  CQo        HoO 

54.44         0.77         20.S5         12.28         9.G3         2.10         tr.  =100.00% 


VANADATES. 

The  minerals  containing  vanadium  are  exceedingly  rare  and  are  only 
represented  by  a  few  specimens. 


257.     PUCHERITE. 
Vanadate  of  bismuth,  BiVO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Tabular   and   acicular  crystals.     Perfect   basal   cleavage. 
Color  reddish  brown.     Streak  yellow.     11  =  4;  (i=G.25. 

San  Diego  County:  The  yellow  bismuth  ocher  wliich  occurs  at  tiie 
Pala  Chief  mine,  near  Pala,  has  been  determined  by  Schaller'-''  to  be 
pucherite,  with  the  following  composition  : 

H,.( ) 
Ki:.O.i  V0O-.  Insol.      at  107°     at  240°        Ign. 

(JG.14         25.80         7.37         0.21         0.32         0.84  =100.68%, 


166  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

258.     VANADINITE. 

Vanadate   of  lead    with   cliloriue    (PbCl)Pb4(VO,)3. 

Hexasoual.      Small    prisms.      Color   deep    ruby-red.    sometimes    yellow. 
Somewhat  resinous  luster.     H  =  3;  G=6.66— 7.23. 

San  Bernardino   County :  This  rare  lead  mineral  occurs   at   Camp 
Signal  associated  with  cerussite  and  cuprodescloizite,  Schaller^i2)_ 


259.     DESCLOIZITE— Cuprodescloizite. 

Vanadate  of  lead,  zinc  and  copper. 

Orthorhombic.     Drusy  surfaces  and  crusts.     Color  yellowish  brown,  dull 
green  and  greenish  black.     H  =  3.5;  G  =  6.2. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Minute  colorless  and  yellowish  plates  of  the 
rare  cuprodescloizite  occur  with  cerussite  and  vanadinite  at  Camp 
Signal,  Schaller^i^) 


260.     VOLBORTHITE. 
Hydrous  vanadate  of  copper,   barium  and  calcium. 

Small  plates  in  globular  aggregations.     Color  olive-green,   citron-yellow. 
Streak  yellowish  green.     Pearly  to  vitreous   luster.     H  =  3  —  3.5;   G=3.5. 

Glenn  County :  Reported  to  have  been  found  at  the  Mammoth  Copper 
mine  on  Grindstone  Creek. 


ARSENATES  AND  ANTIMONATES. 

These  two  classes  of  minerals  are  generally  the  result  of  the  direct 
oxidation  and  hydration  of  arsenides  and  the  sulphosalts  of  arsenic  and 
antimony.  They  are  usually  found  as  coatings  upon  the  mineral  from 
which  they  are  derived. 


261.     MIMETITE. 

Arsenate  of  lead  with   chlorine    (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3. 

Hexagonal.     Prismatic  crystals,  rounded  or  globular  aggregations.     Color 
pale  yellow,  light  brown.     Resinous  luster.     H  =  3.5;  G  =  7  —  7.25. 

Brown  crystals  of  mimetite  are  often  associated  with  pyromorphite, 
and  the  two  minerals  are  very  closely  allied  in  properties  and  occur- 
rences. 

Inyo  County :  One  of  the  numerous  minerals  occurring  in  the  Cerro 
Gordo  mines. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Small  amounts  of  the  mineral  were  found 
in  the  ]\Iorning  Star  mine,  Lava  Beds  district. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  167 

262.     ERYTH RITE— Cobalt  Bloom. 

Hydrous  arsenate  of  cobalt,   CosASjOs-SHjO. 

Monocliuic.  Fibrous,  incrustations,  earthy.  Cleavage  perfect  clino- 
pinacoidal.  Color  peach-blossom  red.  Pearly  to  adamantine  luster. 
H- 1.5  — 2.5;  G  =  2.95. 

The  peach-blossom  red  coatings  and  incrustations  of  erythrite  are 
seen  wherever  snialtite  or  other  cobalt  minerals  exist,  and  this  secondary- 
oxidation  product  often  serves  to  locate  deposits  of  cobalt. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Coatings  of  erythrite  with  smaltite,  argentite 
and  barite  occurred  at  the  old  Kelsey  and  0.  K.  mines  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Canyon. 

Mariposa  County :  Found  in  rock  seams  with  danaite,  the  cobaltifer- 
ous  arsenop3'rite,  at  the  Josephine  mine,  Bear  Valley.  Turner ^^\ 

Napa  County :  Occurs  with  smaltite  in  serpentine  and  chlorite  in  the 
Beryessa  Valley. 


263.     ANNABERGITE— Nickel    Bloom. 

Hydrous  arsenate  of  nickel,  NiaAszOg-SHoO. 

Mouoclinic.     Finely   fibrous   incrustations.     Color   apple-green.     Vitreous 
luster.     Very  soft. 

The  green  coatings  of  this  nickel  compound  are  an  indication  of  the 
presence  of  nickel  minerals  that  have  been  oxidized,  and  often  the 
cobalt  bloom  is  associated  with  the  nickel  bloom. 

Lassen  County:  Reported  with  erythrite  and  smaltite  from  this 
county. 

Los  Angeles  County:  The  green  coatings  of  nickel  arsenate  were 
associated  with  erythrite  and  smaltite  at  the  Kelsey  mine,  San  Gabriel 
Canyon,  Storms<^\ 

Tulare  County :  The  green  color  of  the  chrysoprase  and  chrysopal  in 
the  hills  east  of  Porterville  is  due  to  nickel,  and  some  coatings  of 
annabergite  occur  in  the  region. 


264.     SCORODITE. 
Hydrous  arsenate  of  iron,  FeAs04.2H;0. 

Orthorhombic.     Aggregates  of  small  crystals.     Color  pale  leek-green, 
liver-brown.     H  =  3.5  — 4;  G  =  3.1  — 3.3. 

Mariposa  County :  Pale  green  crystals  of  scorodite  were  found  as  an 
alteration  product  of  arsenopyrite  associated  with  pitticite  on  the  South 
Merced  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Devil's  Gulch.  Rogers'^^ 


168  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

265.     LIROCONITE. 

Hydrous  arsonate  of  aluminium  and  copper. 

Monoclinic.     Thin  tabular  crystals.     Color  sky-blue,  green.     Streak  blue 
or  green.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5  ;  G  =  2.88  — 2.98. 

Inyo  County :  The  very  rare  copper  arsenate  was  found  at  the  old 
Cerro  Gordo  mine  associated  with  other  rare  copper  salts. 


266.     PITTICITE. 

^  Ilydrated  arsenate  and  sulphate  of  iron. 

Massive  and  reniform.     Color  brown.     B[  =  2  —  3;  G  =  2.2  —  2.5. 

Mariposa  County :  Dark  l)rown  amorphous  pitticite  resembling  limo- 
nite  was  found  with  scorodite  as  an  alteration  product  of  arsenopyrite, 
on  the  South  Merced  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Devil's  Gulch,  Rogers^^). 


267.     BINDHEIMITE. 

Hydrous  antimonate  of  lead,  Pb3Sb20s.4HoO. 

Amorphous.     Lamellar,  massive,  incrustations.     Color  brown,  white,  gray. 
Resinous  luster.     H  =  4;  G  =  4.6  —  4.76. 

Inyo  County :  Brown  resinous  lead  antimonate  was  one  of  the  rare 
minerals  at  the  Union  and  Modoc  mines,  and  was  mentioned  by 
W.  P.  Blake(6). 


NITRATES. 

The  nitrates  can  only  exist  in  solid  form  in  arid  regions  and  are 
therefore  peculiar  to  desert  lands  where  they  are  sometimes  left  as  white 
incrustations  by  evaporation.  Some  of  these  white  crusts  are  to  be 
found  in  the  California  desert  land,  but  no  important  deposits  are 
known. 


268.     SODA    NITER— Chili    Saltpeter. 

Nitrate  of  sodium,  NaNOa. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Crystals,  massive,  incrustations.  Cleavage 
perfect  rhombohedral.  Color  white,  reddish,  yellowish.  Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  1.5  — 2;  G  =  2.24  — 2.29. 

Inyo  County:  Crusts  of  saltpeter  occur  along  the  Amargosa  River 
and  along  shore  lines  and  old  beaches  of  Death  Valley,  which  were 
reported  by  Bailey ^^^ 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  same  white  incrustations  extend  along 
the  Amargosa  River  in  this  county.  Small  amounts  of  soda  niter  have 
been  found  in  the  Calico  district,  Williams^^^  and  at  Searles  Borax  Lake. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  169 

269.     NITER— Saltpeter. 

Nitrate  of  potassium.  KX<K. 

Orthorhombic.     Silky  tufts,  incrustations.     Color  white.     Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2:  G  =  2.09  — 2.14.     Salt  taste. 

Inyo  County:  The  common  saltpeter  occurs  with  the  soda  niter  in 
the  Death  Valley  region. 

Riverside  County:  Bailey^^^  mentions  saltpeter  as  found  in  the  desert 
northeast  of  Salton. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Occurs  with  the  soda  niter  in  the  Araargosa 
Canyon. 


270.     NITROCALCITE. 
Hydrous  nitrate  of  calcium.   Ca(X03):.n   HjO. 
Silky    tufts    and    masses.     Efflorescent.     Color    white    or    gray.     Sharp, 
bitter  taste. 
San  Bernardino  County :  The  Avhite  efflorescent  nitrocalcite  occurs  in 
the  niter  beds  of  the  lower  end  of  Death  Valley,  according  to  Bailey(i>. 


271.     DARAPSKITE. 
Hydrous  sulphato-nitrate  of  sodium.  NaNOs.NaoSOi.HoO. 
Tetragonal.     Square  tabular  ciystals.     Colorless. 
San  Bernardino  County:  This  rare  nitrate  occurs  in  the  niter  beds 
of  Death  Valley  according  to  Bailey <^\ 


272.     NITROGLAUBERITE. 

Hydrous  sulphalo-nitrate  of  sodium.   OXaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2O. 
Fibrous  masses.     Color  white. 

Inyo  County:  Also  an  efflorescence  in  the  niter  beds  of  Death  Valley, 
according  to  the  report  of  Bailey ^^^ 


BORATES. 

The  element  boron  is  widely  distributed  in  the  State.  It  is  present 
in  many  of  the  spring  waters  and  lakes  and  has  been  an  important 
factor  in  the  formation  of  much  of  the  igneous  rocks  of  the  Sierras. 
Granites  and  acid  pegmatites  containing  an  abundance  of  tourmaline 
are  very  common.     The  bedded  deposits  of  liiiu'  and  soda  borates  in  the 


170  .        STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

southern  coiiutics  appear  inexhaustible.  All  of  the  deposits  of  borates 
occur  in  regions  which  have  been  the  scene  of  much  volcanic  activity, 
and  the  emanations  of  the  boron  gas  have  accompanied  or  followed 
eruptions  and  intrusions,  issuing  from  vents  in  the  form  of  hot  borated 
waters.  It  -is  hy  the  action  of  these  waters  on  the  travertine  or  soda 
accumulations  in  lake  depressions  that  the  thick  bedded  deposits  of 
these  borate  salts  have  formed. 


273.     LUDWIGITE. 

Borate  of  magnesia  aud  iron,  oMgO.BoOs.FeOFeaOs. 

Orthorliombic.     Small  fibrous  masses.    Color  blackish  green.     Silky  luster. 
H  =  5;  G  =  3.91  — 4.02. 

El  Dorado  County:  Scaly  masses  of  black  ludwigite,  associated  with 
calcite,  epidote,  molybdenite  and  chalcopyrite  occur  at  the  old  Cosumnes 
copper  mine,  near  Fairplay,  Rogers^^^ 


274.     BORAX— Tincal. 
Hydrous  borate  of  sodium,  NaaBiOr.lOHoO. 

Monocliuic.     Crystals,   powder,   incrustations.     Colorless,   white.     Greasy 
to  dull  luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5;   G=:  1.69 —  1.72.     Sweetish  alkaline  taste. 

The  natural  borax  usually  accompanied  by  sulphates  of  lime  and 
soda,  is  common  at  many  of  the  depressions  or  sinks  of  the  deserts. 
For  some  time  it  was  the  chief  mineral,  but  the  more  extensive  solid 
masses  of  colemanite  have  replaced  it  as  the  principal  boron  mineral. 

Tincalconite.  A  name  given  to  a  white  efflorescent  variety  by 
Shepard^^). 

Inyo  County :  The  borax  industry  began  with  the  discovery  of  the 
extensive  deposits  of  Death  Valley,  although  some  borax  had  been 
previously  dredged  from  Little  Borax  Lake,  in  Lake  County.  The 
mines  on  Furnace  Creek  and  at  Resting  Springs  produced  large 
quantities,  and  it  was  hauled  to  INIojave  by  the  famous  20-mule  team. 

Kern  County:  Borax  is  also  common  at  some  of  the  sinks  and  wells 
of  the  desert  and  has  been  obtained  from  Cane  Springs  and  Desert 
Wells. 

Lake  County :  The  first  discovery  of  borax  in  the  State  was  made  at 
Little  Borax  Lake,  a  few  miles  south  of  Clear  Lake.  Fine  large 
crystals  were  obtained  from  the  mud  of  the  lake  bottom,  and  consider- 
able borax  was  dredged  from  this  lake  before  the  more  important 
deposits  of  San  Bernardino  were  discovered.  W.  P.  Blake^^^  and 
Hanks (^^  have  described  this  occurrence. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  171 

Riverside  County :  Incrustations  of  horax  are  rather  common  at  some 
of  the  phiya  or  dry  lakes  of  this  county,  ])ut  none  is  produced. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  most  important  deposit  of  natural 
borax  in  the  State  occurs  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  county.  Hanks*^^)  and  others  have  described  this  deposit.  It 
consists  of  a  pan-like  depression  about  10  miles  long  by  5  miles  wide 
and  borax  occurs  with  numerous  other  salts  deposited  by  the  evaporated 
waters  of  the  lake.  The  associated  minerals  forming  layers  in  the 
deposit  are  mainly  sulphates  and  carbonates  of  sodium  and  it  is  now 
mainly  for  these  that  the  deposit  is  worked.  This  locality  is  noted  for 
the  great  variety  of  interesting  salts  that  have  formed  by  the  evapora- 
tion of  the  waters. 

Borax  also  occurs  at  Borate  and  at  many  of  the  numerous  depres- 
.sions  in  the  Mojave  desert  and  in  the  lower  end  of  Death  Valley. 


275.     COLEMANITE. 

Hydrous  borate  of  calcium,  Ca2BoOn-5H-.0. 

Mouocliuic.     Crystals,  massive.     Cleavage  perfect  clinopinacoidal.     Color- 
less, white,  yellowish-white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  4- — 4.5;  G=:2.42. 

This  valuable  borate  is  the  principal  mineral  for  borax  in  the  State. 
It  was  first  discovered  in  Death  Valley  in  1882  and  in  the  following 
spring  at  Borate  in  what  is  known  as  the  Calico  district. 

Priccite  is  a  massive  chalk-like  variety. 

Pandermite  is  a  compact  variety  occurring  with  priceite. 

Neocolemanite  is  a  variety  showing  slight  optical  difiPerences. 

Inyo  County:  The  deposits  of  Death  Valley  occur  on  the  east  fork 
of  the  Black  Mountains  of  the  Araargosa  Range  near  its  southern  end, 
and  immense  solid  veins  or  beds  of  the  mineral  occur.  The  important 
mine  is  the  Lila  C,  at  Ryan,  Avhich  has  been  described  by  Gale^^^  The 
mineral  was  first  analysed  by  Price^^^  with  the  results  shown  in  analysis 
No.  1.     Analyses  2,  3  and  4  are  by  Whitfield^^). 

B2O3  CaO         AI2O3     FeaOs      MgO         SiOs  H2O 

1.  (4S.12)        28.43  0.60  __  0.G5         22.20 

2.  50.70         27.31  0.10  __  21.87         =:  99.98% 

3.  49.56         27.36  0.25         0.44         22.66         =100.27 

4.  49.02         27.40  0.2G         0.47         22.70         =100.45 

Priceite  has  l)een  found  as  pscudomorphs  after  ulexite  in  Deatii 
Valley. 

Los  Angeles  County :  An  important  and  extensive  deposit  occurs 
near  Lang  which  Eakle^**^  describes  as  a  variety  and  calls  neocolemanite. 
Hutchinson' 1'  shows  it  to  be  identical  with  coUnumite.  It  occurs  as 
thin  and  thick  seams,  almost  vertical,  ami  has  considerable  howlite 
associated  with  it.     The  mineral  has  l)een  described  and  analysed  by 


172  STATE    MIXING    BUREAU. 

Eakle.    Forms:  (001),  (010),  (100),  (210),  (110),  (230),  (Oil),  (021), 
(201),  (301),  (241),  (231),  (221),  (661),  (221),  (223),  (211),  (263). 

B0O3  CaO  HoO 

49.45         27.76         22.4S         =99.69%         Sp.  G.  =  2.423"  at  13'   C. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  extensive  deposit  of  colemanite  at  Bor- 
ate, in  the  Calico  district,  near  Daggett,  was  discovered  in  the  spring 
of  1883  and  became  the  principal  source  of  the  mineral,  but  the  works 
are  now  abandoned.  Beautiful  crystals  of  the  mineral  in  large  geodal 
masses  occurred  having  celestite  crystals  associated  with  them.  The 
crystals  were  first  described  by  Jackson^ ^^  ^2) (3)      Forms:  (001),  (010), 

(100),  (210),  (110),  (120),  (130),  (370),  (10.19.0),  (Oil),  (021), 
(201),  (101),  (TOl),  (201),  (301),  (401),  (601),  (111),  (311),  (711), 
(10.1.1),  (771),  (19.19.6),  (331),  (731),  (131),  (121),  (Til),  (221), 
(331),  (411),  (311),  (211),  (721),  (321),  (231),  (T21),  (241),  (T31),. 
(232),  (412).  Additional  forms  described  by  Eakle^2)  ^j.^.  (310), 
(301),  (502),  (801),  (522),  (142),  (141),  (164),  (165),  (232),  (T23), 
(T82),  (341). 
Analysis  No.  1  is  by  Hiortdahl^i^  and  No.  2  by  Bodewig^^^ 

B0O3  CaO        AI2O3     Fe203    MgO         SiOj  H2O 

1.  47.64         27.97  0.19  0.13         1.28         22.79 

2.  49.70         27.42  __         __         __  __  22.2G         =99.38% 

Small  amounts  of  colemanite  were  found  with  borax  at  Searles  Borax 
Lake,  Hanks^^^^  Some  priceite  and  pandermite  accompanied  the  cole- 
manite of  Calico. 

Ventura  County :  Deposits  of  colemanite  similar  to  the  Lang  deposit 
exist  in  the  Frazer  Mountains  and  have  been  mined  for  some  years. 
These  deposits  have  been  described  by  Gale*^^>  ^ 

References  to  literature  on  colemanite:  Evans^^^^^)^  Jackson*^^'^)^^)^ 
Hiortdahl^i^  Arzruni^i),  Bodewig  and  von  Rath^^^,  Mulheims^^^  Baum- 
hauer(i)  and  Eakle^2)(8)      Campbell^i)'2).     Gale  <i)(2)(3). 


276.     ULEXITE— Cotton-balls. 
Hydrous  borate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  XaCaB509.8H,0. 

Usually  in  nodules  or  sheets  of  fine  fibers.     Color  white.     Silky  luster. 
Very  soft.     G  =  1.6.j. 

The  white  silky  balls  of  ulexite  are  frecjuently  found  at  some  of  the 
desert  depressions,  often  Avith  borax. 

Inyo  County :  Ulexite  masses  are  found  at  some  of  the  sinks  in  the 
Death  Valley. 

Kern  County :  Ulexite  Avas  mentioned  from  the  Cane  Spring  District 
by  Silliman^^^  Found  in  quantity  in  the  bed  of  an  extensive  salt 
marsh  a  few  miles  north  of  Desert  AVells,  W.  P.  Blake ^^^\ 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  173 

Los  Angeles  County:  FoiinJ  in  conipact  masses  at  Lang  with  cole- 
manite. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  at  Borate  and  in  the  lower  part  of 
Death  Valley.  It  has  also  been  found  iu  several  places  in  the  Mojave 
Desert. 


277.     HYDROBORACITE. 
Hj-drous  borate  of  calcium  ami  magnesium.  CaMgBuOn.GII.O. 

Monoclinic.     Fibrous     masses.     Color     wbite     witb     red     spots.     H  =  2; 
G  =  1.9  — 2. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Found  with  colemanite  at  Calico  but  in 
subordinate  amounts. 

Ventura  County :  Said  to  occur  at  the  colemanite  mines  of  Frazer 
Mountains. 


278.     BAKERITE. 

Hydrous  silico-borate  of  calcium.  SCaO.oB.Os.eSiO.-GH.O. 
Amorpbous.     Massive.     Color  wbite  to  faiut  green.     H  =  4..j  ;  G  =  2.73. 

San  Bernardino  County:  This  new  liorate  was  found  in  the  Mojave 
Desert,  about  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Daggett,  associated  with  howlite 
and  ulexite.     Described  and  named  by  Giles' ^>. 

BoOs 
Wbite    27.74 

Faint  green 26.85 


279.      HOWLITE. 

Il.vdrous  silico-borate  of  calcium,   Il5Ca-,B5Si034. 

OrthorhombicV     Round    nodules,    massive,    cbalkj-.     Colcr    wbite.     Dull 
luster.     H  =  1  —  3.5;  G  =  2.5. 

Howlite  is  an  associate  of  the  other  borates,  but  owing  to  the  silica 
present  it  is  not  utilized,  although  it  c<mtains  a  large  amount  of  boric 
oxide. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Large  masses  of  compact  white  howlite  are 
common  in  the  colemanite  deposit  near  Lang,  and  the  mineral  has  been 
described  and  analysed  by  Eakle^*^). 

B,.03      CaO       SiO;       H,.0 
45.5G     28.20     14.S1      ll..!7      =100.38% 

San  Bernardino  County :  Large  masses  occur  associated  with  bakerite 
and  ulexite  in  the  Mojave  Desert,  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Daggett, 


CaO 

SiO,. 

HoO 

AUO:,Fe...O. 

34.88 

28.45 

8.30 

0.63 

35.22 

28.05 

8.66 

0.22 

174  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Giles^^^     Analyses  No.  1  is  of  soft  scaly,  and  No.  2  of  hard  rock-like 

material  made  by  Giles.  Analysis  No.  3  is  of  soft  white  material,  made 
by  Wm.  Lawson. 


BoO., 

CaO 

SiOo 

HoO 

MgONaoO 

1. 

44.38 

28.45 

15.50 

11.58 

0.09 

2 

43.78 

28.44 

15.33 

11.39 

1.06 

3. 

44.32 

29.22 

15.31 

11.44 

__ 

=  100.29% 

NIOBATES-TANTALATES. 

.  The  niobate-tantalate  group  of  minerals  are  characteristic  of  acid 
pegmatite  veins.  They  are  mostly  of  high  specific  gravity,  varying  in 
color  from  yellow  to  brown  and  black,  and  often  containing  the  rare 
earth  oxides. 


280.     PYROCHLORE. 

Niobate  of  titauium,   calcium,   cerium   and   thorium. 

Isometric.     Commonly   in    octahedrons.     Color   dark    reddish    brown. 
Streak  light  yellowish  brown.     H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  4.32. 

San  Diego  County :  A  dark  brown  isotropic  mineral,  presumably 
pyrochlore,  surrounded  by  microlite,  came  from  some  locality  in  the 
county,  Rogers*^^. 


281.     MICROLITE. 

Tautalate  of  calcium,  CaoTaoO, 

Isometric.     Often  small  octahedrons.     Color  pale  yellow  to  brown.     Luster 
resinous.     H  =  5.5;  G  =  5.48. 

San  Diego  County :  This  rare  tantalate  has  been  found  in  the  county, 
exact  locality  unknown,  as  a  honey-yellow  mineral  associated  with 
albite,  lepidolite,  tourmaline  and  colorless  apatite.  A  few  crystals  are 
octahedral  with  narrow  faces  of  (Oil)  and  (311),  Rogers^^\ 


282.     COLUMBITE— TANTALITE. 

Niobate  of  iron  and  manganese    (Fe,Mn)  NboOo. 

Orthorhombic.  Prismatic  crystals,  massive.  Color  iron-black, 
brownish  black.  Submetallic  luster.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black. 
H  =  G;  G  =  5.3  — 7.3. 

Fresno  County :  Massive  and  crystalline  black  columbite  has  been 
found  at  the  Reynolds  mine.  Kings  River  district. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  175 

San  Diego  County:  Crystals  from  the  Little  Three  mine,  near 
Ramona,  were  described  by  Eakle^^)  Forms:  (100),  (010),  (110), 
(130),  (150),  (160),  (021),  (111),  (221),  (211),  (121),  (131),  (141). 
Small  imperfect  crystals  found  at  the  Victor  mine,  Rincon,  have  the 
forms  (100),  (210),  (130),  (103),  (133),  Rogers'^). 


283.     STIBIOTANTALITE. 
Niobate  aud  tantalate  of  antimony,   m  {^hO) .^h.O^.n  (SbO)2Ta20e. 

Orthorhombic.  Hemimorphic  prisms,  twinned.  Color  light  brown  to  dai-k 
brown.  Resinous  to  adamantine  luster.  H=:5  —  5.5;  G=:5.9S  —  7.37, 
mostly  6.6  —  6.7.     Pyroelectric. 

San  Diego  County :  This  rare  mineral  was  found  in  small  amounts  in 
the  pegmatite  veins  at  Mesa  Grande  associated  with  gem  tourmaline, 
pink  beryl,  quartz,  orthoclase,  lepidolite  and  cassiterite.  It  was  de- 
scribed and  analysed  by  Penfield  and  Ford^^\  Forms:  (100),  (110), 
ri30),  (209),  (203),  (4.12.9),  (043),  (100),  (110),  (130),  (209), 
(203),  (4.12.9).  The  analyses  show  a  varying  amount  of  niobium  and 
tantalium  to  antimonv. 


(Nb,Ta)205 

SboOs 

BioOs 

55.33 

44.26 

0.33 

=  99.92%             Sp.G. 

=  6.72 

50.30 

49.28 
(Nb,Ta)203 

0.53 

=  100.11                Sp.G. 
NboOu                  TaoOs 

=  5.98 

55.33 

= 

18.98                36.35% 

50.30 

= 

39.14                 11.16% 

TUNGSTATES  AND  MOLYBDATES. 

The  three  valuable  tungsten  minerals,  scheelite,  wolframite  and 
hiibnerite,  have  been  found  in  several  localities  in  the  State,  but  only 
scheelite  has  until  lately  been  worked  for  tungsten.  The  manganese 
timgstate,  hiibnerite,  usually  contains  iron  and  grades  into  the  iron- 
manganese  tungstate,  wolframite.  AVulfenite  is  the  common  and  only 
molvbdate  known  in  the  State. 


284.     WOLFRAMITE— HuBNERITE. 
Tuniistato  of  mauiranese  and  iron    (Mn.Fe)W04. 

Monociinic.  Thick  tabular  crystals  aud  massive.  Perfect  clinopiua- 
coidal  cleavage.  Color  dark  grayish  or  brownish  black,  brownish  red. 
Thin  splinters  often  deep  red.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black.  Luster 
metallic  to  submetallic.     H  =  5  —  5.5;  G  =  7.2  —  7.5. 

Inyo    County:  Boulders   of   black   wolframite    iiave   been    found   in 
Death  Valley. 


176  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Madera  County:  Large  crystals  and  masses  weighing  several  pounds 
occur  in  quartz,  about  twelve  miles  north  of  Raymond.  The  quartz 
vein  with  the  wolframite  is  in  an  andalusite  schist. 

Mariposa  County:  Crystals  and  massive  wolframite  have  been  found 
near  Buchanan. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Veins  of  wolframite  with  some  scheelite 
have  been  located  in  the  Clark  Mountains. 


285.     SCHEELITE. 
Tungstate  of  calcium,  CaWOi. 

Tetragonal.     Pyramidal     crystals     and     massive.     Color    white,     yellow, 
brown.      Mtreous  luster.     H  =  4.5  —  5;  G=5.9  —  6.1. 

Scheelite  is  the  principal  tungsten  mineral  of  the  State  and  important 
deposits  exist.  It  is  frequently  found  in  isolated  crystals  and  patches 
in  quartz-feldspar  veins  and  has  been  reported  from  several  localities. 

Kern  County :  Small  amounts  of  scheelite  occur  in  the  Amalie  district. 

Nevada  County :  A  few  brownish  yellow  masses  were  found  in  a 

quartz  ledge  at  Howard  Hill,  Grass  Valley,  Hanks^^^     Small  amounts 

of  reddish  brown  scheelite  occurred  at  the  3,000-foot  level  of  the  Empire 

mine,  Grass  Valley.     Veins  of  white  scheelite  intermixed  with  quartz 

■  and  feldspar  occur  at  the  Union  Hill  mine.  Grass  Valley,  and  is  mined. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  most  important  veins  of  scheelite  occur 
at  Atolia  in  the  Papoose  and  other  claims.  The  scheelite  occurs  in  a 
quartz-feldspar  vein,  and  is  generally  intimately  mixed  with  the  gangue, 
forming  a  low  grade  ore.  Some  scheelite  is  associated  with  wolframite 
in  Clark  Mountain. 

San  Diego  County:  Massive  brown  scheelite  has  been  found  at 
Julian. 

Siskiyou  County :  Scheelite  in  crystals  has  been  observed  at  Scott 
Bar. 

Tulare  County :  Small  amounts  of  yellow  scheelite  have  come  from  a 
locality  east  of  Visalia. 


286.     CUPROSCHEELITE— Cuprotungstite. 

Tungstate  of  copper  and  calcium    (Ca,Cu)W04. 

Granular,     incrustations.     Color     olive-green,     pistachio-green.     A'itreous 
luster.     H  =  4..5  — 5. 

Kern  County:  Reported  to  have  been  found  with  radiating  black 
tourmaline  at  the  Green  Monster  mine,  twelve  miles  east  of  White  River, 
Hanks(i>. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  177 

287.     WULFENITE. 

Molybdate  of  lead.  PbMoO,. 

Tetrag:onaI.     Thin  tabular  crystals  ;  sometimes  pyramidal.     Color  orange- 
yellow,  brijrht  red.     Adamantine  luster.     11  =  2.5  —  3;   G  =  6.7  —  7. 

Inyo  C'ouuty :  Crystals  of  ■^iilfenite  occurred  with  the  liuarite  and 
caledonite  of  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine. 

Kern  County:  Wulfenite  "vvas  found  six  miles  northeast  of  Cane 
Springs,  Hanks^^\ 

Plumas  County :  Found  at  the  Diadem  Lode  on  ]\Iumford  Hill. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Considerable  wulfenite  was  found  with  the 
lead  carbonate  of  the  Silver  Reef  district,  Storms*^^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Found  at  the  Fairview  mine. 


URANATES. 

The  uranium  minerals  are  very  rare  and  only  one  or  two  specimens 
of  them  have  been  found  in  California.  All  uranates  are  highly  radio- 
active and  pitchblende  forms  the  ore  of  radium,  so  it  is  a  very  valuable 
mineral. 


288.     U  RAN  I NITE— Pitchblende. 
Uranate  of  uranyl,  lead  and  the  rare  earths. 

Isometric.  Crystals  rare.  Generally  massive  and  granular.  Color 
grayish  to  brownish  black.  Streak  brownish  black  or  greenish.  Sub- 
metallic  to  pitch-like  luster.     H  =  .5.5;  G  =  9  —  9.7. 

Calaveras  County:  The  only  kno^vn  occurrence  of  the  heavy  brown 
pitchblende  was  at  the  Rathgeb  mine,  near  San  Andreas,  where  it  was 
found  in  acicular  crystals  in  a  pocket  with  spongy  gold,  quartz  and 
clav,  Rickard"^'. 


289.     URACONITE— Uranocher. 
Hydrous  uranate  or  sulphato-urauate. 
Amorphous,  earthy  or  scaly.     Color  lemon-yellow. 

Calaveras  County:  This  occurs  as  an  alteration  product  of  pitcli- 
blende  at  the  Ratgeb  mine,  in  coatings  immediately  in  contact  with  the 
gold,  Rickard^i>. 


12 — s.".(>o 


178 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


SULPHATES. 


Anhydrous. 
Mascagnite 
Thenardite 
Arcanite 
Glauberite 
Barite 
Celestite 
Auglesite 
Anhydrite 
Sulfohalite 
Hanksite 
Leadhillite 
Caledonite 
Brocbautite 
Linarite 


H  i/flroKS. 
Mirabilite 
Gypsum 
Epsomite 
Morenosite 
Melanterite 
Pisanite 
Boothite 
Chalcanthite 
Bbklite 

Boiissingaultite 
Kalinite 
Tschermigite 
Halotrichite 


Sonomaite 

Coqiilmbite 

Alnnogen 

Copiapite 

Knoxvillite 

Rediugtonite 

Botryogen 

Almiite 

Jarosite 


HYDROCARBONS. 


Napalite 

Petroleum 

lonite 

Bitumen 

Aragotite 

Asphalt 

Posepuyte 

Gilsonite 

Beruardinite 

Coal 

290.     MASCAGNITE. 

Sulphate  of  ammonium   (NH4)oS04. 

Orthorhombic.  Generally  in  mealy  crusts.  Color  lemon-yellow,  yel- 
lowish gray.  Vitreous  to  dull  luster.  H  =  2  —  2..j;G  =  1.7G  —  1.77.  Bitter 
taste. 

Sonoma    County:  Goldsmith"^'    reported    finding    mascagnite    with 
boussinganltite  in  this  county  but  the  locality  was  not  given. 


291.     THENARDITE. 

Sulphate  of  sodium.  Xa;S04. 

Orthorhombic.     Pyramidal    crystals.     Color    white.     Vitreous    luster. 
H  =  2.G8  — 3;  G  =  2.68  — 2.69. 

Inyo  County :  White  masses  of  sodium  sulphate  occur  in  the  Funeral 
Range  and  in  the  dry  depressions  of  Death  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Thenardite  forms  layers  several  feet  in 
thickness  at  the  Searles  Borax  Lake.  Large  crystals  of  it  occur  often 
as  cruciform  twins.  The  crystals  were  described  by  Ayers'^\  Forms: 
(110),  (001),  (111),  (106),  (100). 


Na.O 

KoO     HoO 

SO.T 

CI 

O 

40.50 

0.28     lUjrj 

40.12 

9.27 

=  102.377^- 

-2.09  =  100.28 

MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  179 

San  Luis  Obispo  County:  Soda  Lake  on  the  Carissa  Plains,  a  depres- 
sion between  the  Caliente  and  Trenil)lor  I'anges,  is  a  dry  lake  with 
crusts  of  sodium  sulphate.     Analysis  of  this  crust  by  Steiger  gave : 

Insol.  AI0O3    MgO    CaO 
0.40     0.04     l.OG     0.43 


292.     ARCANITE. 

Snlphiiti^'  of  potassium,   K._.SO^. 

Ortliorhombif.     Thin  hnsnl  plates.     Colorless,  yollowisli.     Vitreous  hister. 
11  =  2. 

Orange  County :  Found  as  thin  crystals  in  a  mine-timber  in  Tunnel 
No.  1  of  the  Santa  Ana  Tin  Mining  Company  in  Tfabuca  Canyon.  The 
crystals  are  twinned  on  the  prism  and  have  the  forms:   (001),   (111), 

ai2),  (102),  Eakle(^>. 


293.     GLAUBERITE. 

Sulphate  of  sodium  and  calcium,  Na^jSOi-CaSOi. 

Mouoclinic.     Tabular  crystals.     Cleavage  perfect  basal.     Color  yellowish 
white  or  gray.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2..j  —  3;   G  =  2.7  —  2.85. 

San  Bernardino  County :  The  double  salt  of  soda  and  lime  is  also  a 
very  prominent  mineral  in  the  deposit  at  Searles  Borax  Lake.  It  is 
found  in  platy  crystals  with  the  forms:  (001),  (HI),  vom  Rath*^^ 


294.     BARITE— Heavy    Spar. 
Sulphate  of  barium,  BaS04. 

Orthorhombic.  Tabular  aud  prismatic  crystals,  massive,  lamellar;  granu- 
lar, concretionary.  Cleavage  perfect  basal  aud  good  prismatic.  Color 
white,  yellow,  brown.      Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2.5  —  3.5:  0  =  4.3  —  4.0. 

Barium  sulphate  is  one  of  the  common  minerals  of  the  State  antl  some 
deposits  of  it  occur.  It  is  commonly  found  as  a  gangue  mineral  in  vein 
deposits,  and  is  especially  associated  with  galena,  ami  therefore  promi- 
nent in  silver-lead  districts. 

Alpine  County:  Found  with  pyritc  and  eiiargite  at  the  JMorning  Star 
mine. 

Butte  County :  With  gold  at  the  Pinkstown  ledge.  Big  Bend  Moun- 
tain, Turner(i>. 

Calaveras  County:  Occurs  on  Carson  Hill  wilh  (piarl/  aud  gold. 
Also  with  the  pyrite  at  Copperopolis  and  at  Cainpo  Seco. 


180  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

El  Dorado  County:  Yellow  platy  barite  occurs  on  Slate  Mountain 
and  ten  miles  above  Georgetown. 

Fresno  County :  Nodules  and  large  concretions  of  dark  gray  impure 
barite  occur  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range. 

Inyo  County :  Massive  barite  occurs  near  Independence ;  at  the 
Defiance  mine  with  native  sulphur ;  white  massive  at  Bishops  Creek, 
White  ]\Iountains ;  veins  in  the  Alabama  Range. 

Kern  County:  Nodular  masses  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range. 

Los  Angeles  County :  White  barite  occurs  near  Azusa.  Barite  was  a 
gangue  mineral  in  the  old  Kelsey  mine,  San  Gabriel  Canyon,  Storms^^^ 

Mariposa  County :  A  large  deposit  of  barite  occurs  about  two  miles 
west  of  El  Portal  which  has  produced  much  of  the  mineral  mined  in 
the  State. 

Mono  County:  Barite  has  been  found  as  a  gangue  mineral  near 
Bodie,  Benton  and  other  mining  districts. 

Napa  County:  Plates  of  barite  occur  at  the  Manhattan  mine,  Knox- 
ville,  with  cinnabar ;  platy  quartz  as  pseudoraorphs  after  barite  also  are 
common  at  this  mine. 

Nevada  County:  Occurs  with  gold  at  the  Malakotf  mine,  North 
Bloomtield.  Slender  prisms  of  barite  in  a  limonite  gangue  associated 
with  gold  occur  at  Pine  Hill  and  these  crystals  have  been  described  by 
Eakle"^».  Forms:  (100),  (010),  (110),  (210),  (320),  (530),  (130), 
(001),  (102),  (Oil),  (111),  (113). 

Orange  County :  A  white  barite  gangue  occurred  with  the  tiemannite 
of  San  Joaquin  Ranch  mine. 

Placer  County :  White  barite  comes  from  near  Lincoln. 

Plumas  County :  Found  associated  with  lead  and  copper  minerals  in 
Indian  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Barite  was  common  as  a  gangue  in  the 
silver  district  of  Calico  and  Bismark,  occurring  as  white  and  yellow 
platy  masses,  Lindgren^^^,  Storms*^\  Also  common  at  the  Imperial 
mine. 

San  Francisco  County :  Needles  of  barite  have  been  found  at  Fort 
Point. 

San  Mateo  County :  Massive  barite  has  been  found  on  Permenente 
Creek. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  White  massive  at  Santa  Maria. 

Shasta  County :  Barite  occurs  at  several  of  the  copper  mines  as 
a  gangue  mineral  but  the  amount  is  small. 

Siskiyou  County:  Found  with  argentiferous  galena  about  2^  miles 
north  of  Callahan. 

Trinity  County :  Dark  gray  barite  occurs  about  fifteen  miles  below 
Havfork. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  181 

295.     CELESTITE. 

Sulphate  of  strontium,  SrSOi. 

Orthorhombic.     Crystals    aud    massive.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color- 
less, pale  bluish.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  3  —  3.5;  G  =  3.95  —  3.97. 

Inyo  County:  Slender  bluish  crystals  occur  with  the  colemanite  of 
Death  Valley  and  these  have  been  measured  by  Eakle^'^\  Forms: 
(001),  (110),  (102),  (104),  (Oil),  (122),  (067). 

San  Bernardino  County :  Long  crystals  occur  with  the  colemanite  of 
Calico  similar  to  those  from  Death  Valley.  Celestite  was  reported  as 
one  of  the  associated  minerals  of  Searles  Borax  Lake  by  Hanks^^\ 


296.     ANGLESITE. 

Sulphate  of  lead,  PbSO^. 

Orthorhombic.     Prismatic  crj'stals  and  massive.     Colorless,  white,  yellow, 
gray,   brown.     Adamantine  luster.     PI  =  2.5  —  3;   G  =  G.12  —  6.39. 

The  sulphate  of  lead  is  a  very  common  oxidation  product  of  galena, 
consequently  it  is  often  found  in  lead  districts  usually  in  small  amounts. 

Inyo  County :  Considerable  anglesite  has  been  formed  from  the  lead 
sulphides  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district.  Found  associated  with  bind- 
heimite,  galena  and  linarite  at  the  Modoc  mine;  gray  masses  banded 
with  eerussite  occur  at  the  Cerro  Gordo  mine.  Good  crystals  associated 
with  linarite  and  caledonite  have  come  from  this  mine,  with  the  forms : 
(001),   (100),   (110),   (104),   (111),   (122),  Eakle(7>. 

Mono  County :  Anglesite  occurs  with  galena  in  the  Benton  district. 


297.     ANHYDRITE. 
Sulphate  of  calcium,  CaSOi. 

Orthorhombic.     Generally    granular    or    lamellar   massive.     Color    white, 
bluish  white.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  3  — 3.5  ;  G  =  2.89 —  2.98. 

Inyo  County :  Found  massive  at  the  St.  Ignacio  and  Cerro  Gordo 
mines. 

Mono  County :  Associated  with  barite  at  the  Mammoth  mine.  Mineral 
Hill. 

Orange  County :  Found  in  the  Santa  Ana  ]\Iountains,  near  Anaheim, 
Hanks<6). 

San  Bernardino  County:  Anhydrite  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
associated  minerals  at  Searles  Borax  Lake,  Hanks^''^ 


182  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

298.     SULFOHALITE. 

Cliloro-sulpluito  of  sodium.  ;JNaoS04.2NaCI. 

Isometric.     Ilhombic  dodecaherlrons  with  cubes  and  tetrahedrons.     Color 
faiut  sreeuish  yellow,     ^"it^■eous  luster.     H  =  8.5;  G  =  2.4S9. 

Sail  Bernardino  County :  Found  as  small  crystals  implanted  on 
hanksite,  at  Searles  Borax  Lake,  and  was  described  as  a  new  mineral 
and  named  by  Hidden  and  Mackintosh'^^  ^-^  Forms:  (111),  (101), 
(100). 

SOa  CI       NaaCOs         NaoSOi      NaCI     NaoCOc 

42.48       13.12       1.77     =      7.5.41       21.G2       1.77       =9S.S0%     Sp.G  =  2.4S9 


299.     HANKSITE. 

Carbouato-sulpliate  of  sodium.  IXaoSO^.NaoCOa. 

Hexagouol.     Prismatic.      tabular.     Color      white.     Vitreous      luster. 
H  =  .3  — .3..");   (t  =  2..jG2.     Taste  saliue. 

Tbe  double  soda  salt  is  quite  common  in  the  borax  lake  districts  where 
it  has  crystallized  in  large  hexagonal  crystals.  It  was  discovered  as  a 
new  mineral  in  1885  and  its  occurrence  is  practically  limited  to  this 
State. 

Inyo  County :  Some  hanksite  is  found  with  the  borax  in  the  sinks  of 
Death  Valley. 

San  Bernardino  County:  First  discovered  at  Searles  Borax  Lake  as 
one  of  the  numerous  crystallization  products  and  was  described  as  a 
new  mineral  and  named  by  Hidden^^),  with  an  analysis  by  Mackintosh. 
Forms:  (0001),  (lOTO),  (lOTl),  (2021),  (4045).  Analysed  by  Mack- 
intosh, Dana  and  Penfield^i^  and  by  Pratt^^). 

SO3  COo  Cl  NaoO  KoO       Insol.      Ign. 

Mackintosh 4.">.89  5.42  2.-3(3  46.-34 

Penfield 43.-59  5.42  2.13  40.86  2.33 

Pratt    4.5.93  5.65  2.21  43.35  2.48 

45.78  5.63  2.28  43.61  2.31 


300.     LEADHILLITE. 

Carbonato-sulphate  of  lead.  4rbO.S03.2COo.H,0. 

Monoclinic.     Tabular    crystals.     Cleavage    perfect    basal.     Color    white, 
yellowish,  greenish.     Vitreous  to  pearly  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  6.26  —  6.49. 

Inyo  County :  Found  as  pale  sea-green  crystals  at  the  Cerro  Gordo 
mine,  associated  with  linarite  and  caledonite,  with  the  forms:  (001), 
(110),  (100),  and  a  prism.  Rogers'^'. 


__ 



-   99.99% 

4.41 

1.32 

=  100.06 

0.19 

__ 

=   99.81 

0.12 

__ 

=   99.73 

MINERALS   OF    CALIFORXIA.  183 

301.     CALEDONITE. 

Basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper  (Pb,Cu)  SO^.(Pb,Cu)  (OH),. 

Orthorliombic.  Small  crj'stals.  Cleavage  perfect  basal.  Color  bluish 
greeu  and  dark  emerald  green.  Resinous  to  vitreous  lustei*.  H  =  2.5  —  3; 
G  =  6.4. 

Inyo  Comity :  Occurs  as  small  emerald-green  crystals  associated  with 
linarite  and  brochantite  at  Cerro  Gordo.  Described  by  Eakle^"^ 
Forms:  (001),  (110),  (010),  (Oil),  (111),  (201),  (021),  (012),  (013), 
(221),  (223),  (014),  (203). 


302.     BROCHANTITE. 

Basic  sulphate  of  cupper,  CuS0i.3Cu(0H)o. 

Orthorhombic.     Small       crystals.     Cleavage      perfect      brachypinacoidal. 
Color  emerald-green,  dark  greeu.     Vitreous  luster.     H^S.-j  —  4;  G  =  .3.907. 

Calaveras  County :  Druses  of  small  dark  green  crystals,  derived  from 
chalcopyrite.  occur  at  Copperopolis.  Rogers*  ^^ 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  as  small  dark  emerald-green  crystals  at  the 
Cerro  Gordo  mine,  associated  with  linarite  and  caledonite.  The 
crystals  have  the  forms:  (010),  (110),  (120),  (001),  (012),  (101), 
(041),  Eakle''>. 


303.     LINARITE. 
Basic  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper  (Pb.Cu)  SO,.(Pb,Cu)  (OH),. 

Monocliuic.  Small  crystals,  divergent  columnar  and  platy.  Cleavage 
perfect  orthopinacoidal.  Color  deep  azure-blue.  Streak  pale  blue.  A'it- 
reous  to  adamantine  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  .j.3  —  5.4.5. 

Inyo  County :  Beautiful  divergent,  columnar  masses  of  deep  azure- 
blue  linai'ite  were  obtained  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  mines  during  the  early 
days  of  mining  there,  the  specimens  sometimes  being  banded  with  green 
caledonite  and  brochantite.  Fine  crystals  were  also  obtained  from 
pockets  and  cavities  in  the  massive  mineral.  The  Cerro  Gordo,  Crapo, 
St.  Ignaeio  and  other  mines  of  the  locality  contained  the  linarite  in  the 
oxidized  zones  of  the  deposit.  Rogers' ^^  gives  several  of  the  forms  on 
the  linarite  crystals.  Forms:  (001 ).  (100),  (110),  (010),  (201),  (TOl). 
Eakle<"»  gives  additional  forms:  (210).  (012),  (Oil),  (203),  (Tl2), 
(211).  (716),  (T4.0.1),  (302),  (211).  Crystals  show  twinning  on 
the  orthopinacoid. 


184  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

304.     MIRABILITE— Glauber  Salt. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  sodium,  Na2SO4.10H2O. 

Monoclinic.     Generally  as  crusts  and  efflorescences.     Color  M-hitc.     Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  1.5  —  2;  G  =  1.48.     Taste  salt  and  bitter. 

Mirabilite  generally  occurs  as  white  crusts  aud  efifiorescences  and  it 
is  sometimes  found  on  the  walls  of  mines  where  sulphide  ores  are 
decomposing.    It  is  also  found  as  crusts  about  dry  alkali  lakes. 

Napa  County :  It  occurred  on  the  walls  of  the  tunnels  in  the  old 
Redington  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville. 

San  Bernardino  County :  Forms  crusts  about  some  of  the  dry  salt 
basins  of  this  county. 


305.     GYPSUM— Gypsite. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  calcium,  CaS04.2H20. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals,  massive,  granular,  fibrous,  lamellar.  Cleavage 
perfect  clinopinacoidal.  Colorless,  white,  light  brown,  reddish.  Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  1.5;  0  =  2.31  —  2.32. 

Gypsum  is  a  very  common  mineral  in  the  State,  but  extensive  deposits 
of  good  pure  gypsum  are  exceptional.  The  mineral  is  easily  formed 
by  the  action  of  sulphated  waters  on  limestone,  consequently  small 
amounts  of  the  mineral  are  usual  in  mining  regions  where  sulphides 
are  decomposing.  Larger  deposits  are  generally  bedded  deposits  formed 
by  the  evaporation  of  lime  sulphate  waters  and  these  are  apt  to  be 
quite  impure  from  admixtures  of  lime  carbonate  and  clay. 

Selenite,  satin  spar,  alahastcr  and  gypsite  are  varietal  names.  The 
granular,  bedded  and  efflorescent  deposits  are  the  only  kind  in  the 
State  of  value  and  the  term  "gypsite"  is  generally  applied  to  the 
material  of  such  deposits. 

The  locations  of  some  of  the  deposits  are  given  by  Anbury'-'^  and  the 
mineral  is  frequently  mentioned  in  descriptions  of  the  counties. 

Hess^^^  has  given  us  a  more  recent  description  of  the  gypsum  re- 
sources of  the  State. 

Alpine  County:  Small  amounts  occur  at  Bulliana. 

Butte  County :  Found  at  the  St.  Clair  mine. 

Colusa  County :  Small  amounts  occurred  with  the  sulphur  at  Sulphur 
Creek. 

Contra  Costa  County :  Selenite  gypsum  is  common  in  the  coal  seams 
at  Antioch  and  near  Danville.     Disks  of  selenite  occur  near  Clayton. 

Fresno  County:  Deposits  of  gypsite  occur  on  the  low  hills  on  the 
north  and  south  sides  of  Tomey  Creek,  about  eighteen  miles  southwest 
of  Mendota,  and  along  Cantua  Creek.  In  the  Coalinga  oil  district 
there  are  frequent  occurrences  of  gypsite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  185 

Imperial  County :  Yellow  selenite  has  come  from  a  locality  about 
five  miles  west  of  Volcano. 

Inyo  County:  Fibrous  gypsum  occurs  at  Clark's  Fork,  Amargosa 
River.     Small  amounts  occur  in  the  Cerro  Gordo  district. 

Kern  County:  Hess^^^  reports  good  deposits  of  gypsite  in  the  Lost 
Hills  about  twenty-five  miles  west  of  Wasco.  An  analysis  of  the 
material  was  made  by  C.  W.  Wells  and  quoted  by  Hess. 

CaO         SO3        H2O  Cl        Fe.Oa     CO2     SiOo      AI2O3    NoeO     KoQ     MgO 

29.5       40.7       19.1       uone       0.4       0.7       5.3       1.7       1.2       0.6         __  =   99.2% 

29.9       40.8       19.4       none       0.3       __         G.l       1.4       2.0       0.5        __  =100.4 

Impure  gypsite  is  common  in  the  oil  districts  and  some  has  been 
mined  in  the  McKittrick  district.  Deposits  are  said  to  exist  on  Cotton- 
wood Creek,  about  sixteen  miles  east  of  Bakersfield.  Beds  of  gypsum 
occur  in  the  bed  of  old  Kern  Lake,  about  twenty  miles  soutliAvest  of 
Bakersfield  and  five  miles  from  Connor.  Some  gypsite  occurs  on  the 
shores  of  Buena  Vista  Lake.  Selenite  is  found  with  stibnite  at  the  old 
San  Emidio  antimony  mine.  Small  deposits  of  gypsite  occur  near 
Cane  Springs. 

Kings  County:  Gypsite  occurs  in  deposits  on  the  range  of  low  hills 
southeast  of  Dudley  and  on  Kettleman  Plains,  about  five  miles  north- 
east of  Dudley. 

Lake  County :  Selenite  is  found  on  Robinson's  ranch.  Small  amounts 
are  also  found  at  Sulphur  Bank,  Clear  Lake. 

Lassen  County :  Large  slabs  of  selenite  occur  near  Susanville.  Ob- 
served at  Honey  Lake. 

Los  Angeles  County:  Deposits  of  good  white  gypsum  occur  in 
Charley  Canyon,  twelve  miles  north  of  Castiac  in  shale  rock.  Gypsite 
and  alabaster  occur  at  Palmdale  on  ridge  interbedded  with  shales. 
Seams  occur  in  bluffs  at  San  Pedro.  A  deposit  is  given  U\o  miles 
north  of  Lang.  Large  selenite  plates  have  been  found  in  Soledad 
Canyon. 

Mariposa  County:  Selenite  has  been  reported  from  Bear  Valley. 

Mono  County :  Occurs  in  the  Bodie  district. 

Napa  County :  Small  amounts  of  gypsum  were  associated  with  the 
cinnabar  at  the  old  Redington  or  Boston  mine,  Knoxville. 

Nevada  County :  Fil)rous  radiate  gypsum  occurs  near  Truckee. 

Orange  County :  Outcrops  of  gypsum  occur  in  Gypsum  Canyon  and 
adjacent  canyons,  about  two  miles  south  of  Corona. 

Riverside  County :  Good  deposits  of  gypsum  occur  in  the  Palen 
Mountains  interstratified  with  limestone.  Deposits  also  occur  in  the 
Maria  JNIountains  which  are  tiiought  to  be  extensive.  Some  gypsum 
occurs  in  the  Coloi-ado  Desert  about  twelve  miles  east  of  IMecca. 

San  Benito  County :  Outcrops  of  gypsum  occur  along  the  Coast 
Range  in  many  places. 


186  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

San  Bernardino  County :  In  the  dry  lake  depressions  of  the  desert 
deposits  of  gypsite  occur  but  most  of  them  are  impure  material.  A 
large  deposit  of  this  nature  occurs  at  Amboy  which  is  mined  at  present. 
Some  also  is  found  in  the  lake  beds  south  of  Danby  and  near  Kelso. 
Gypsum  is  one  of  the  associated  minerals  of  the  borax  at  Searles  Borax 
Lake.     Selenite  occurred  with  colemanite  in  the  Calico  district. 

San  Diego  County :  Gypsite  is  found  near  Dos  Palmas. 

San  Francisco  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  near  Merced 
Lake.  Disks  of  selenite  occur  on  Seal  Rock.  Some  selenite  is  found 
at  Fort  Point. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  White  bunches  and  veins  occur  on  Alamo 
Creek,  sixteen  miles  from  Santa  Maria.  Some  alabaster  occurs  at 
Arroya  Grande. 

Santa  Barbara  County :  Alabaster  occurs  near  Santa  Barbara  Creek, 
about  thirty-two  miles  southwest  of  McKittrick.  Small  amounts  of 
alabaster  are  found  on  Santa  Rosa  Island.  Massive  gypsum  was  early 
worked  near  Point  Sal. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Selenite  occurs  near  Gilroy. 

Sierra  County :  Small  amounts  have  been  found  on  Kanaka  Creek. 

Sonoma  County :  Found  at  the  Geysers  with  sulphur  and  with  bous- 
singaultite. 

Stanislaus  County :  Selenite  is  found  near  Modesto. 

Tulare  County :  Fibrous  satin  spar  at  White  River. 

Ventura  County :  Small  amounts  on  Dennison  Ranch,  three  miles 
east  of  Nordhoff.     Selenite  occurs  in  Lockwood  Valley. 


306.     EPSOM ITE— Epsom  Salts. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  maguesium,   MgSOi.THoO. 

Orthorhombrio.  Bunches  of  long  slender  fibere  and  fibrous  crusts.  Cleav- 
age perfect  brachypinacoidal.  Color  white.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  2  —  2.5; 
G=:8.75.     Taste  bitter  and  salt. 

Efflorescences  of  epsomite  are  common  in  eaves  and  tunnels  where 
pyrite  or  other  sulphides  are  decomposing  in  the  presence  of  magnesian 
rocks.  Long  hair-like  masses  of  the  mineral  are  common  in  the  cinna- 
bar mines  of  the  State  but  no  epsomite  is  mined.  Commercial  epsomite 
is  produced  as  a  by-product  in  the  evaporation  of  the  bitterns  of  sea 
water  at  the  salt  works. 

Alameda  County :  An  efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  the  pyrite  mines 
of  Leona  Heights.     Analysed  from  the  Alma  mine  by  Schaller^^^ 


H,0 

MgO 

SO,, 

at  100°         ab. 110° 

Al^Os 

14.8 

31.7 

40.S              12.2 

tr. 

=  99.5% 
Amador  County :  Common  in  the  mines  on  Copper  Hill. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  187 

rmperial  County:  Mentioned  l)y  Emory ^^^  as  occurring  in  white 
crusts  on  the  Colorado  Desert. 

Lake  County :  Abundant  in  the  old  Abbott  quicksilver  mine. 

Xapa  County:  Abundant  in  long  white  fibers  in  the  tunnels  of  the 
old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville. 

Santa  Clara  County :  Abundant  on  the  walls  of  the  New  Almaden 
and  other  cinnabar  mines  of  the  county. 

Sonoma  County :  An  associate  of  bou.ssiugaultite.  Goldsmith^^^ 


307.     MORENOSITE. 

Hydroii.s  sulphate  of  nickel.  XiSOi.TH.O. 

Orthorhombic.     Acicular  crystals,  fibrous,  efflorescent.     Color  apple-j;reen 
to  greenish  white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2  —  2.5;  G  =  2.     Taste  metallic. 

Xapa  County:  Said  by  Becker* ^^  to  coat  a  specimen  of  millerite  from 
the  Phoenix  cinnabar  mine. 


308.     MELANTERITE— Copperas. 
H.vdrous  sulphate  of  iron.  FeSO^.TILO. 

Mouoelinic.     Fibrous,  stalactitic.     Cleavage  basal.     Color  light  green   to 
white.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2;   0  =  1.89  — 1.9 

Melanterite  is  a  common  formation  in  mines  containing  pyrite  or 
marcasite. 

Alameda  County :  Abundant  as  small  fibrous  crystals  on  the  walls  of 
the  Alma  pyrite  mine  at  Leona  Heights.  Described  and  analysed  by 
Schaller<i>.  Forms:  (110),  (001),  (010),  (103),  (101),  (Oil),  (111)"^, 
(T21),  (120),  (102),  (203),  (302),  (201),  (904),  (332). 

FeO  SOs  HoO  CuO  MgO 

28.1  p,1.2  42.0  none  none  =101.3% 

Lake  County:  Abundant  as  stalactites  in  the  Sulphur  Bank  cinnabar 
mine.  Clear  Lake. 

Mono  County:  Common  in  the  mines  about  Lundy. 

Xapa  County:  Long  pale  green  stalactites  were  abundant  in  the  old 
Redington  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville. 

Santa  Cruz  County:  Specimens  have  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Santa 
Cruz. 

Shasta  County:  Common  at  Copper  City,  Bully  Hill  and  other  mines 
of  the  county. 

Sonoma  County :  Drusy  green  specimens  have  been  found  near 
Petaluma. 


CuO 

FeO 

SO3 

at  110°          ab.  110=^ 

15.73 

12.31 

28.21 

45.14 

9.22 

16.47 

29.18 

45.74 

17.95 

5.46 

29.25 

34.25             10.96 

188  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

309.     PISANITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron  and  copper  t  Fe.  Cu)S04.7H20. 

Monoclinic.     Long  slender  prisms,  stalactitic.     Color  greenish  blue.     Vit- 
reous luster.     H  =  1  —  2. 

Alameda  County :  One  of  the  secondary  sulphates  formed  with 
melanterite  and  ehalcanthite  on  the  walls  of  the  Alma  pyrite  mine  on 
Leona  Heights.  Described  and  analysed  by  Schaller*^!).  Forms:  (001), 
(101),  (010),  (110),  (103),  (Oil),  (_100),  (210),  (320),  (120),  (TOl), 
(112),  (205),  (111),  (335),  (221),  (121). 

H2O 

MgO 

=  101.39% 
=  100.61 
2.82  =100.69 

Monterey  County :  Pale  blue  crystals  from  near  Gonzales  were 
analysed  by  Schaller^^\ 

CuO  PeO  SO3  H2O 

7.56  15.85  30.74  45.85 


310.     BOOTH  ITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  copper,  CUSO4.7H2O. 

Monoclinic.     Fibrous    massive.     Color    greenish    blue.     Vitreous    luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  0=1.94^2.1. 

Alameda  County :  This  was  a  new  sulphate  of  copper  differing  from 
ehalcanthite  in  the  amount  of  M^ater  and  crystallization,  found  with  the 
other  sulphates  of  iron  and  copper  at  the  Alma  pyrite  mine,  Leona 
Heights.  Described  as  a  new  mineral  and  named  by  Schaller^^\ 
Forms:   (001),  (100),  (110),  (TOl),  (301),  (T12),  (Til),  (T21). 


H2O 

CuO 

FeO 

MgO 

SO3 

at  110°     ab. 110° 

27.83 

tr. 

__ 

28.37 

36.64         7.42 

=  100.26% 

28.53 

0.28 

tr. 

28.65 

43.76 

=  101.26 

Calaveras  County :  Crystals  of  this  new  sulphate  were  later  found  at 
Campo  Seco  and  analyzed  by  Schaller^'^ 

HoO 
CuO  FeO         MgO  SO3  at  110°       ab.  110°    Insol. 

26.13         O.Sl         0.64         27.25         36.76         4.91         3.96         =100.46% 


311.     CHALCANTHITE— Blue    Vitriol— Bluestone. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  copper,   CUSO4.5H0O. 

Tricliuic.     Generally  in  fibrous  veins  or  stalactitic.     Color  greenish  blue 
to  sky-blue.     Vitreous  luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  2.12  — 2.3. 

The  natural  ehalcanthite  is  found  in  mines  where  it  results  from  the 
alteration   of   copper   sulphides   but   the    amount   is   generally  small 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  189 

and  unimportant.     All  of  the  commercial  bluestone  is  a  manufactured 
product. 

Alameda  County :  It  is  common  in  small  crj^stals  and  seams  in  the 
Alma  pyrite  mine,  Leona  Heights,  and  was  described  and  analysed  by 
Schaller(i>.  Forms:  (001).  (010),  (100),  (110),  (120),  (ITO),  (120), 
(Oil),  (021),  (031),  (TOl).  (Til),  (131),  (141). 


HoO 

CuO 

FeO 

MgO 

SOs 

at  110°      ata. 110° 

Insol. 

31.14 

none 

tr. 

32.06 

28.20         7.50 

0.81         =99.71% 

Amador  County:  Common  in  the  mines  on  Copper  Hill. 

Calaveras  County:  Occurred  at  Quail  Hill,  Silliman'^s)  Common  at 
Copperopolis. 

Nevada  County:  Found  at  Sweetland,  Hanks^^^ 

Shasta  County :  Common  evaporation  product  in  the  mines  of  the 
county  and  reported  from  the  Peck  mine,  Copper  City,  Hanks*^^^ 


312.     BLODITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  magnesium  and  sodium,  MgSO4.Na2SOi.4H2O. 

Monoclinic.      Prismatic  crystals,  granular  massive.      Color  white.      Vitre- 
ous luster.     Soft.     G  =  1.67. 

Imperial  County :  Specimens  of  this  rare  sulphate  are  reported  to 
have  been  found  on  the  Colorado  Desert. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Very  large  crystals  of  blodite  occur  in  the 
mud  of  Soda  Lake.  Carisso  Plains,  which  have  been  described  by 
Schaller  ^i^).  They  show  the  following  forms:  (001),  (110),  (210), 
(Oil),  (111),  (201),  (Til),   (211),  (T21). 

Analysis : 

Na^O  MgO  SO3  H2O 

18.2G  11.93  48.11  21.37  =99.67% 


313.     BOUSSINGAULTITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  ammonium  and  magnesium   (NHi);S04.MgS04.6H20. 
Sonoma  County :  This  rare  sulphate  was  described  and  analyzed  by 
Goldsmith^ ^).     No  locality  was  given,  but  presumably  it  came  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  Geysers. 

SO3  MgO  NHiOH  H2O 

38.86  15.56  5.03  40.55 


190  STATE    MINING    BTREAU. 

314.     KALINITE— Potash  Alum— Common  Alum. 

Hydrous   sulphate   of   aluminium    and    potassium,    KmSOj.AL(SOj):...24II„0. 

Isometric.     Mealy  crusts  and  fine  fibrous.     Color  white.     Vitreous  luster. 
H  =  2  — 2.5;  G  =  1.7.5.     Alum  taste. 

Mealy  crusts  of  aliiiii  are  rather  comiiion  in  mining  regions,  formed 
by  the  action  of  sulphated  waters  on  rocks,  and  are  more  prominent 
in  association  with  gypsum  deposits.  There  are  several  kinds  of  alum, 
but  the  various  species  have  not  in  general  been  differentiated.  Com- 
mercial alum  is  largely  a  manufactured  product. 

Alpine  County :  Found  at  the  mines  of  Silver  Mountain. 

Calaveras  County:  Observed  at  Quail  Hill,  Silliman<^\ 

Fresno  County :  Common  in  the  oil  district  at  Coalinga  with  sulphur. 

Inyo  County :  Occurs  on  the  shores  of  Owens  Lake.  Also  on  the 
sides  of  a  steaming  vent  two  miles  east  of  Coso  Springs,  as  white  crusts, 
Rogers' ^\ 

Lake  County :  Common  at  the  Sulphur  Bank  cinnabar  mine. 

Los  Angeles  County :  Occurs  near  Newhall. 

Mono  County :  Found  near  Bodie. 

Napa  County :  Observed  at  the  Redington  cinnabar  mine,  Knoxville, 
Melville  and  Lindgren'^^ 

Placer  County :  In  the  gold  mines  near  Dutch  Flat ;  in  slates  near 
Auburn. 

Sonoma  County :  Found  at  the  Geysers. 


315.     TSCHERMIGITE— Ammonium  Alum. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  ammonium    (NH^)oS04.AL(S04)3.24H„0. 

Isometric.     Octahedral   crystals,   fibrous,   crusts.     Color   white.     Vitreous 
luster.     H  =  l  — 2;  G  =  1.5. 

Lake  County:  Mentioned  by  Becker*^^  as  an  efflorescence  at  Stilphur 
Bank. 


316.     HALOTRICHITE— Iron    Alum. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  iron,  PeS04.Alo(S04)3.24H20. 
Monoclinic?     Silky  fibrous.     Color  yellowish  white.     Ink  taste. 

-  Alameda  Count}^ :  Found  as  tibrous  masses  in  the  Eureka  tunnel, 
near  Livermore. 


MINERALS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  191 

317.     SONOMAITE— Magnesia    Alum. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  ami  magufsium.  .'3Mg.S04.Al2(S04).,..3.3H20. 
Colorless  crystals.     Silky  luster.     G  =  1.G0. 

Sonoma  County :  This  alum  was  described  as  a  new  mineral  from  this 
county  l)y  Goldsmith' ^\     No  locality  was  giyen. 


A120:, 

FeO 

MgO 

SO3 

HoO 

7.G0 

2.01 

7.14 

38. 7S 

44.41 

S.36 

1.56 

7.51 

38.30 

44.27 

318.     COQUIMBITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  iron.   Fe._, (S04)3.9H„0. 
Hexaaoual.  rhombohedral.     Generall.v  granular  massive.     Color  yellowish, 
brownish,  greenish  or  violet.     Vitreous  luster.     11  =  2  —  2.5;  G  =  2.09. 

Calayeras  County:  Mentioned  as  one  of  the  minerals  formed  at  Quail 
Hill  by  Silliman<5). 

El  Dorado  County :  Occurs  in  the  shales  near  GeorgetowTi. 

Inyo  County:  Yellow  crystals  haye  been  found  at  Lone  Pine. 

Napa  County :  Large  masses  of  yellowish  green,  granular  coquimbite 
occur  at  the  old  Redington  cinnabar  mine.  The  mineral  was  described 
by  Eakle^^^  with  analysis  by  Schaller. 

HoO 
PeoOs      AI2O3         SOs        at  100°    ab.  100°     FeO        SiO^       Na^O      MgO 

12.99       7.44       38.04       23.72       13.71       0.13   .   0.21       1.G8       1.09       =99.04% 

Tuolumne  County:  Silliman'^^  mentions  it  as  one  of  the  minerals  at 
Whiskey  Hill. 


319.     ALUNOGEN. 
H.vdrous   sulphate   of  aluminium.   Al. (S04)3.18H;0. 

Monoclinic.     Fibrous  masses,  crusts,  iiowder.     Color  white.     Vitreous  to 
silky  luster.     H  =  1.5  — 2;   G  =  1.G  — 1.8.     Alum  ta.ste. 

Alameda  County:  Occurs  as  a  white  i>owder  at  the  Alma  mine.  Leona 
Heights,  Schaller'i>. 

Nevada  County :  Observed  at  the  Providence  mine,  Nevada  City, 
Lindgren*^^ 

San  Luis  Obispo  County :  Found  as  a  white  powder  near  Paso  Robles. 


192  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

320.     COPIAPITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  irou,  2Feo03.5S03.18H20. 

Monocliuic.     Scaly  massive,  incrustations.     Color  sulphur-yellow.     Pearly 
luster.     H  =  2.5;  G  =  2.10. 

Alameda  County :  Found  as  yellow  needles  at  the  Alma  mine,  Leona 
Heights,  and  analysed  by  Schaller^^^ 

SO3  AL.O3         Fe^-Os         FeO         MgO  HoO  Insol. 

3S.3G         0.31         2.5.04         0.44         0.29         29.71         5.43         =99.58% 

Lake  County :  Occurs  at  Sulphur  Bank  and  analysed  by  Melville  and 

Lindgren'^^ 

SO3       Al;03       FesOa      FeO      MnO     CaO       MgO        H^O        Insol. 
38.82       0.37       26.79       3.28       tr.       0.25       0.16       29.58       0.75       =100.00% 

Napa  County:  Found  at  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  and 
analysed  by  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

SO3        AI0O3       FeaOs      FeO      MnO         CaO      MgO        HoO 
39.97         __        26.54       0.46       0.21         __        3.06       30.43       =100.67% 


321.     KNOXVILLITE. 

Hydrous  basic  sulphate  of  iron,  chromium,  aluminum,  nickel  and  magnesium. 

Orthorhombic.     Tabular      crystals.     Color      greenish      yellow.     Cleavage 
perfect  basal.     Vitreous  luster. 

Napa  County :  Greenish  yellow  masses  of  this  complex  sulphate  were 
found  in  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville,  and  the  mineral  was 
described  as  new  by  Melville  and  Lindgren(i>.  Forms:  (001),  (110), 
(100).     Crystals  are  basal  plates. 

H2O 

SO3         FesOs      Cr^Os      AUO3      FeO        NiO       MgO     at  100°  ab.  100 '^     Insol. 
85.91       15.36       7.41       4.S4       3.81       0.83       3.22       9.29       17.59       1.74 


322.     REDINGTONITE. 

Hydrous  sulphate  of  chromium,  aluminium,  iron  and  magnesium. 

Finely    fibrous    to   granular   massive.     Color   pale    purple.     Silky    luster. 
G  =  1.76. 

Napa  County:  A  pale  purple  sulphate  was  mixed  with  the  knox- 
villite  from  the  Redington  mine  which  was  described  as  a  new  mineral 
b}'  Melville  and  Lindgren^^^ 

H2O 

SO3      AI2O3  CraOa  FeaOa  FeO       NiO  MnO     at  100°    ab.  100°      Insol. 
35.35     5.14     7.51    0.19     4.58      1.00     tr.         1.85        27.09        14..34  3.46     =100.51% 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  193 

323.     BOTRYOGEN— Palacheite. 

Hydrous  sulplinle  of  iron  and  niiisnesium,   I\\.03.2Mg0.4S03.15H20. 

Monoclinic.     Very   small   crystals.     Color   brick    red,    hyacinth-red.     Mt- 
reoiis  luster.     H  =  2  — 2.5:  G  =  2.04  — 2.14. 

Napa  C'ounty :  Found  in  bunches  of  small  l)riek-red  crystals  in  one 
of  the  tunnels  of  the  old  Redington  mine,  Knoxville.  It  was  thought  to 
by  a  new  mineral  and  described  and  named  "palacheite"  by  Eakle  ^^\ 
Its  identity  with  botryogen  was  later  established,  Eakie*^^^  P^orms: 
(110),  (010),  (001),  (120),  (450),  (021),  (201),  (Til),  (T21). 


:99..51% 


324.     ALUNITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminium  and  potassium,  K„0.3AL03.4S03.6H20. 

Hexagonal,    rhombohedral.     Small    crystals    and    massive.     Color    white. 
Vitreous  luster.     n=3.5  —  4;  G  =  2.58  — 2.75. 

Mariposa  County :  Alunite  is  a  constituent  of  a  quartzite  rock  found 
with  a  greenstone  schist  in  which  stellate  pyrophyllite  occurs,  at  the 
Tres  Cerritos,  southwest  of  Indian  Gulch.  Described  by  Turner'^^^^^ 
with  analysis  by  Valentine. 


H,0 

FeoOa 

MgO 

SO:, 

at  100°        ab.  100 

19.51 

9.36 

38.37 

19.53           12.75 

SO3 

ALO3 

Fe..O:: 

CaO 

MgO 

K.O 

Na,0           H2O           SiO. 

TiOo 

38.50 

.    38.05 

0.23 

0.55 

tr. 

4.48 
P2O5 
tr. 

2.78          11.92          2.64 
=  99.55%         Sp.  G.  =  2.78 

0.40 

325.     JAROSITE. 
Hydrous  sulphate  of  potassium  and  iron,   KoO.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6HoO. 

Hexagonal,  rhombohedral.  Small  platy  crystals,  fibrous,  granular.  Color 
yellowish  brown.  Streak  yellow.  Vitreous  luster.  H  =  2.5  —  3.5; 
0  =  3.15  —  3.26. 

Kern    County:  Micaceous   tlakes   of   jarosite    have    come    from    this 
county. 

San  Benito  County :  Flakes  of  jarosite  occur  at  New  Idria. 


HYDROCARBONS. 

The  hydrocarbon  series  of  cliemical  compounds  include  a  number  of 
substances  occurring  in  nature,   of  a  coal-like,   pitch-like   or  oil-like 
structure,  which  <irc  ahnost  wholly  of  organic  origin.     Many  of  thein 
13—8560 


194  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

are  separable  into  a  series  of  different  hydrocarbons  in  varying  pro- 
portions, thus  showing  their  chemical  composition  to  be  quite  indefinite. 
They  have  no  place  in  a  mineral  classification,  yet  their  occurrence  as 
natural  products  in  the  earth,  and  the  great  economic  importance  of 
some  of  them,  have  been  the  reasons  for  their  adoption  in  some  works 
on  mineralogy.     They  belong  to  the  province  of  organic  chemistry.    • 

The  two  most  valuable  members  of  the  hydrocarbon  series  are  coal 
and  oil.  Coal  is  pretty  generally  scattered  in  the  State,  but  its  occur- 
rence is  in  thin  seams  which  are  not  segregated  sufficiently  to  form  good 
workable  deposits.  The  coal  is  of  the  lignite  variety,  and  black  and 
brown  masses  of  this  lignite  are  occasionally  present  in  the  sandstones 
and  limestones.  Practically  all  of  the  coal  used  in  California  is 
imported. 

The  lack  of  coal  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  abundance  of 
petroleum.  California  has  one  of  the  greatest  oil  fields  in  the  world. 
The  oil  sands  occur  at  various  depths  and  are  of  varying  thickness  and 
produce  oils  of  greatly  diversified  character  and  gravity.  The  thick 
series  of  Miocene  shales  and  sandstones  represented  by  the  Monterey 
formation  are  the  great  repository  and  source  of  most  of  the  oil  of  the 
State. 


NAPALITE. 

Simple  hydrocarbon,  C3H4. 

A  dark  reddish  brown  bituminous  substance  found  with  cinnabar.     Brittle. 
H  =  2. 

Napa  County:  Observed  at  the  old  Phoenix  cinnabar  mine.   Pope 

Valley,  and  was  described  by  Becker^^^  with  analyses  by  Melville. 

c  H 

89.84  10.17  =100.01% 

89.54  10.36  =   99.90 

89.33  10.11  =   99.46 


lONlTE. 

A    fossil    hydrocarbon    of    earthy    texture    and    brownish    yellow    color. 
G=0.90. 

Amador  County:  Found  in  an  argillaceous  lignite  in  thin  seams  in 
lone  Valley  and  described  by  Purnell^i\  Contains  about  50  per  cent 
water  and  resembles  pyropissite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  195 

ARAGOTITE. 

Volatile  hydrocarbon. 

A  hydrocarbou  ocrurriiis  iu  bright  yellow  scales  at   some  of  the  cinnabar 
mines. 

Napa  County:  Occurred  on  the  cinnabar  at  the  Redington  mine, 
Knoxville,  Bertrand^^^ 

Santa  Clara  County:  First  observed  at  the  New  Ahnaden  mine 
impregnating  a  silicious  dolomite  and  was  described  by  Durand^^) 


POSEPNYTE. 

Lake  County :  Plates  and  nodules  of  a  dirty  green  and  brown  oxygen- 
ated hydrocarbon  were  found  at  the  Great  Western  mine  and  the 
substance  was  described  by  von  Schrockinger^^^  with  analyses  by 
Dietrich.  Part  was  soluble  in  ether  and  part  insoluble,  the  latter  cor- 
responding to  ozocerite.  Becker^^^  gives  an  analysis  by  Melville  of 
similar  material. 

Sol.  Insol. 

C          H  O  C            H  O  Ash 

von  Schrockinger__  71.84     9.95  18.21  84.27  11.74  3.99 

Melville    —  83.60  10.71  3.22             0.47 


BERNARDINITE. 

A  substance  supposed  to  be  a  fossil  resin,  found  as  a  w^hite  porous 
mass  at  Santa  Ana,  San  Bernardino  County,  was  described  as  a  new 
mineral  by  Stillman^^\  Considered  by  Brown^^^  to  be  a  fungous 
growth  and  not  a  mineral. 


PETROLEUM— MINERAL  OIL. 

The  presence  of  oil  in  the  State  has  been  known  by  seepages  and  other 
indications  for  many  years  and  some  districts  have  had  producing  wells 
for  a  long  time,  but  the  great  oil  resources  of  California  have  only 
been  developed  within  the  past  decade,  and  new  fields  are  constantly 
being  added  to  the  oil  areas.  The  large  productive  fields  are  all  located 
in  the  southern  counties,  Coalinga,  in  Fresno  County,  being  the  most 
northerly  one.  Oil  is  known  to  occur,  liowever,  in  some  of  the  northern 
counties,  but  so  far  the  areas  have  not  been  very  productive.  Much 
difference  exists  in  the  oil.  Some  of  it  is  heavy,  thick  and  black  with 
low  gravity,  while  other  wells  in  the  same  field  produce  thin,  easily 


196  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

flowing,  light,  high  gravity  oils.  The  Monterey  shales  and  sandstones 
are  the  sonrce  of  a  large  part  of  the  oil  in  the  State. 

It  is  manifestly  beyond  the  scope  of  this  book  to  give  a  description 
of  the  numerous  oil  tields  within  the  borders  of  California. 

The  Coalinga  district  in  Fresno  and  Kings  counties,  the  Kern  River, 
and  the  MeKittrick-Sunset  districts  in  Kern  County,  the  Santa  Maria 
and  Summerland  fields  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  the  Santa  Clara  field 
in  Ventura  County,  and  the  Los  Angeles  field  are  the  most  important 
fields  in  the  State.  Oil  is  known  to  exist  in  several  counties  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State,  but  very  little  oil  has  been  obtained  from 
any  of  the  northern  fields. 

The  geology  of  the  oil  fields  has  been  studied  by  Arnold,  Eldridge, 
Anderson  and  others  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  and  their 
results  published  in  bulletins  of  the  Survey. 


BITUMEN— ASPHALT— PITCH— TAR. 

The  San  Pablo  and  Monterey  formations  are  especially  characterized 
by  the  bituminous  matter  which  accompanies  the  shales  and  sandstones ; 
consecjuently  layers  of  bitumen  and  seepages  of  viscous  tar-like  matter 
are  common  in  districts  where  these  shales  are  exposed.  They  are 
especially  prominent  in  the  southern  counties  and  some  asphalt  lakes 
have  formed.  The  most  noted  asphalt  deposit  in  the  State  is  on  the 
Rancho  de  la  Brea  in  Los  Angeles  County.  This  deposit  served  as  a 
trap  for  the  capture  of  many  animals  and  birds  now  extinct.  The 
deposit  was  for  a  time  worked  for  the  asphalt. 

Gilsonite  or  uintahite  is  a  variety  of  asphalt  of  a  brilliant  black  color. 
Has  been  found  in  Santa  Barbara  County. 


COAL— LIGNITE. 

All  of  the  coal  of  the  State  is  of  the  soft  lignite  variety  and  only 
occurs  in  unimportant  deposits.  Many  of  the  counties  can  show  some 
seams  of  coal,  and  specimens  are  on  exhibition  in  many  of  the  county 
exhibits,  as  well  as  in  the  museum  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


MINERALS  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE 
ELEMENTS. 

Every  element  which  enters  into  the  composition  of  minerals  prob- 
ably occurs  in  California.  It  is  true  that  several  rare  elements  like 
ca'sium,  gallium,  indium  and  some  members  of  the  cerium-yttrium  and 
radium  groups  have  never  l)een  detected,  but  minerals  occur  in  which 
these  elements  are  usually  found,  so  their  presence  may  yet  be  revealed 
when  more  extensive  chemical  and  spectroscopical  analyses  of  the 
minerals  and  rocks  have  been  made. 

California  is  ideal  in  having  passed  through  all  those  stages  of  geo- 
logic development  which  govern  the  formation  of  the  various  species  or 
classes  of  minerals  of  igneous,  metamorphic  and  sedimentary  genesis, 
and  in  possessing  the  climatic  conditions  essential  to  the  formation  and 
preservation  of  unusual  mineral  species. 

Five  minerals  of  commercial  importance  which  are  not  of  world-wide 
distribution  are  pre-eminent  in  California,  namely  colemanite,  cinna- 
bar, magnesite,  pink  tourmaline  and  trona. 

In  the  following  arrangement  of  the  minerals  those  in  small  capitals 
are  in  general  of  commercial  importance  and  common  within  the  State. 


ALUMINIUM. 
Coiiuulnm.  ALO3.  Amblygomte.  Li(AlF)POi. 

Spinel,    MgO.ALO,.  Tirquois.  A1P0,.A1(  OH),. 

Chiysoberyl.   BeALO^.  Kalinite.   K,,SO,.AL(  SO,)3.24H;,0. 

Bauxite.  A1„03.2H20.  Tschermigiti'.     ( Nlij,804.Al,(SO^)3. 

Dawsonite,  NajAl  (C03)3.2Al(OH)3.  24H,0. 

Halotricliite,    FeHO,.AL(S04)3.24H„0. 

Sonomaitc,    3MsSO,. AL ( SO^) 3.33H,0. 

Alniio.i,'(>n.    AL  ( SO^ )  3.1SH„0. 
Also  many  aluminium  silicates,  chief  of  whicli  are  the  feldspars  and  kaolinite. 


AMMONIUM. 
Sal  Ammoniac.  XH,C1.  P.oussiu.i;aultite,    ( XH4),,S(),.M}i;S0.,.Gn,0. 

Ma^agnite,   (XH/)oSO,.  Tschermisite.    (NH,),SCVAI,(SOj3. 

24  HO. 


ANTIMONY. 
Native  antimony,   Sb.  Siihiconito,    S1)._,0<.H;0. 

Stibxitk,  Sb,,S3.  Stibiofcrrite.   Sb,O,,.Fe,O,,.H.,0. 

Kermesite,   sks.O.  Bindheimite,   I'b3SbXK.4H,6. 

Cervantite.  Sb.O.. 

Also  several  siiIiiliMutimonilfs  of  iron.  lead.  ct>|)p('r  ami  sihcr. 


198 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


ARSENIC 

Native  arsenic,  As. 
Realgar,  AsS. 
Arsenopybite,  FeAsS. 
Smaltite,   CoAsj. 

Also  several  sulpharseuites  of  copper  and  silver, 


Lollingite,  FeAso. 

Arsenolite,   AS2O3. 

Mimetite,     (PbCl)Pb,(As04)s 


Babite,  BaSO*. 


BARIUM. 


Chrysoberyl,   BeALO*. 


BERYLLIUM. 

Beryl.  BcjALSioOv 


Native  Bismuth,  Bi. 
Bismuthinite,  BiaSj. 
Tetradymite,  BiaTe. 


BISMUTH. 

Bismite,  BijOs- 
Bismutosphaerite,   BijCOj 
Bismutite,  Bi.COj.H.O. 


Sassolite,   B„05.3H„0. 
Borax,   NaolB.Oj.lOH.O. 
Colemanite,  CaoBeOii.SH^O. 


BORON. 

Ulexite,   NaCaBsOg.SHaO. 
Hydroboracite,  CaMgBeOai.eH^O. 
Bakerite,   SCaO.SBoOs.eSiOj.BH.O. 
HowLiTE,  HjCa.BsSiOii. 


Also  several  borosilicates  such  as  tourmaline,  axinite  and  datolite. 


Embolite,   Ag(Br,Cl), 


Greenockite,  CdS. 


BROMINE. 


CADMIUM. 


CALCIUM. 

Calcite,  CaCOj.  Apatite    (CaF)Cai(P0j3. 

Limestone.  Scheelite,  CaWOi. 

Marble.  Glauberite,  NaoSO^-CaSO^. 

Dolomite,   (CaMg)C03.  Anhydrite.  CaSO^ 

Aragonite,  CaCOs.  Gypsum,  CaS04.2H„0. 
Gay-Lussite,   CaCO3.Na1CO3.5H2O. 
Pirssonite,    CaCO3.Na.cb3.2H2O. 

Also  many  calcium   silicates  chief  of  which   are  woHastouite,   lime  feldspars  and 
lime  garnets. 


CARBON. 

Diamond,  C.  Graphite,  C. 

Also  the  various  hydrocarbons,  especially  bitumen,  petroleum  and  natural  gas. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


199 


Allanite,   Fe,Ca,Ce,Al,   Silicate. 


CERIUM. 

Monazite   ( Ce.La.Di )  PO,. 


CHLORINE. 

Halite,  NaCl.  Sylvite.  KCl. 

Also  several  chlorides  of  the  metals  and  bases. 


Chbomite,  FeCrjOi. 

Uvarovite  garnet. 


CHROMIUM. 

Knoxvillite,  Fe,Cr,  Sulphate. 
Redingtouite,   Fe,Cr,   Sulphate. 


Cobaltite,   CoAsS. 
Smaltite,  CoAsj. 
Danaite   (Fe.CojAsS. 


COBALT. 

Asbolite,   MnO.,Co,H20. 
Erythrite,  CojASoOs.SH.O. 


Native  Copper,  Cu. 
Chalcocite,  CujS. 
Stromeyerite    (Cu,Ag)2S. 
Covellite,  CuS. 

BORNITE,   CUaFeSa 

Cubanite,  CuFeaS^. 
Chalcopvkite,  CuFeSo. 
Boui-nonite(Pb,Cu2)  Sb.Sa 
Tetraiiedrite,  CusSboSj. 

EnARGITE,    CU3ASS4. 

Atacamite,  Cu^ClHaOs. 
Partzite,  Sb,Cu,H„0. 


COPPER. 

Cuprite,  CuoO. 
Melanconite  CuO. 
Malachite.  CuCOa.CuCOH)^. 
AzuRiTE.   2CuC03.Cu(OH)o. 
Aurichalcite,  2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zu,Cu) 

(OH),. 
Chrysocolla,   CuSi03.2H,0. 
Lirocouite,  Al.Cu,  Arsenate. 
Cupi-oscheelite    (Ca,Cu)W04. 
Caledonite   (Pb.Cu)  SO^.CPb.Cu)  (OH)j. 
Brochantite.  CuS04.3Cu(OH)j. 
Linarite   (Pb,Cu)  SO,.  (PbCu)  (OH),. 
Boothite,  CuSO^.TH^O. 
Chalcanthite.  CuSO^.SHjO. 


Fluorite,  CaFo. 
Topaz,  A1(0,F,)  AlSiO,. 


FLUORINE. 

Apatite    (CaF)Ca,(P0,)3. 
Amblygonite.   Li(AlF)POv 


GOLD. 

Native  Gold,  Au.  Sylvanite    (Au.Ag)Te,.. 

Petzite   (Ag.Au),Te.  Calaverite   (Au.Ag)Te.-. 

Also  auriferous  pyrite,  auriferous  arsenopyrite,  etc. 


200 


STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


Meteoric  iron,   Fe. 
Awaruite,  Ni:,Fe. 
Pyrrhotite,  FenSi2. 
Marcasite.  FeSo. 
Pyrite.   FeSo. 
Lollingite,   FeAs„. 
Berthierite.    FeSboS,. 
Hematite.  FeoOg. 
Ilmenite  ( Fe,Ti )  2O3. 
Magnetite,  Fe3  04. 
Gotliite,  Fe.Oa.HoO. 
LiMONiTE,  2Fe,63.3H,0. 
Also  nianv  iron-beariui 


IRON. 

Si(l(M-ite,  FeCOa. 
Tripliylite,  LiFePO,. 
Vivianite,  Fe^PoOs-SILO. 
Melanterite,   FeS04.7H.,0. 
I'isanito    ( Fe.Cu)  SO,.7H,"o. 
( 'o(inimbite.   Fe,, ( SO,) ^.OFLO, 
<"oi)iai)ite,  2Fe/o,..lSO,,lSH,0. 
Knoxvillite,   FeoOj.CrA.SO',. 
Redlnstonite,   Fe.O.^CroOj.SO^, 
Botryogen.    Fe„03.2Mg6.4S03.15H,0. 
Jarosite,  K2O.3FeoOs.4SO3.6H2O. 


silicates. 


Native  lead.  Pb. 
Galenite,  PbS. 
Altaite.  PbTe. 
Jamesonite.    PboSbaSj. 
Dufreuoysite.  Pb^ASoS,,. 
Bournonite    (Pb,Cu2)  SboS^ 
(Teocronite,  Pb5Sb2Ss. 
Minium.  Pb,0,. 


LEAD. 

Ceri'ssite,  PbCOj. 
Phosgenite   (PbCl)„C03 
Vanaclinitc    ( PbCl )  Pb,  ( VO, )  3. 
Pyromorphite    ( PbC'l )  Pb,  ( PO,)  3. 
I'lumbosummite.    PbO.2ALO3.P2O5.H2O. 
Mimetite    (PbCl)Pb,(AsO,)3. 
Bindheimite.    Pb,Sb20,.4H20. 
Wnlfenite,  PbMoO,. 

AlNGEE.SITE,    PbSO,, 

Leadhillite.  4PbO.SO3.2CO2.H2O. 
Caledonite    ( PbC'u )  SO,.  ( PbCu )  ( OH )  2. 
Linarite    (Pb.Cu)  SO,.(PbCu)  (OH) 2. 


LITHIUM. 

Lepidolite    (LiK)Al(OH,F)Al(Si03)3.       Triphylite.   LiFePO,. 
Tourmaline.  Litbia-boro-ahimina  silicate.     Litbiophilite.  LiMnPO,. 

Ambiagonite,   Li(AlF)PO,. 


MAGNESIUM. 

( 'hlormagnesite.  MgCL.  Plydromaguesite.  SMgCOaMg ( OH ; 

Spinel,   MgO.AL03.  P^psomite.   MgSO,.7H20. 

Brncite.  xAIgO.H.O.  Blcidite,  MgSO,.Na.,.s6,.4H„0. 

Dolomite  ( Ca.Mg )  CO3. 
Ankerite    ( Ca,Mg,Fe )  CO^. 
Magnesite,  MgCOg. 

Also  many  magnesium  silicates,  especially  serpentine  and  talc. 


,.3H„0. 


Hausmannite.  MujO,. 
( 'rednerite,    Cu3Mn,Oo. 
Braunite.  3Mn203MnSi03. 
Pyrolusite  MnOo. 

P.SILOMELANE.    MuO2.MU2O3.H2O. 

Manganite.  Mn...03.H20. 


MANGANESE. 

Rhodocbrosite,  MnCOj. 
Rhodonite,  MuSiO,. 
Litbiophilite.   LiMnPO,. 
I'urpurite    ( Fe.Mu )  2O3.P2O5.H2O. 
HUBNEBITE,   MnWO,. 
Wolframite   ( MuFe )  WO, 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


201 


Native  Mekcurv,   lis- 
Metaci.n.narakite.  IlgS. 

("IN.NABAR.    IlsrS. 

Tieniannile.   IlgSe. 


MERCURY. 

Coloiadoite.  HsTe. 
Calomel.  llg.CL. 
Eglestonite,  HiCljO. 


Molybdenite,  MoSo. 
Molybdito.   MoO,. 


MOLYBDENUM. 

W'ulffiiitc.  PhMoO, 


Awaniite,   Xi^Fe. 

Millerite.  NiS. 

Melonite.   NLTe,. 

Zaratito.   XiC03.2Xi  (OnK.4H30. 


NICKEL. 

Aiiuahei-irite.    Xi,As,0,.SHoO. 
Momiosite.  XiSO^.TILO. 


( 'ohimbite     ( Fe.Mn )  Nb,0,. 


NIOBIUM— TANTALIUM. 

Stibiotantalite.  w  (SbO)..XbX_)„  with 
// (SI )()),, Ta.O,;- 


Soda  niter.   XaNOj. 

Niter.  KXO3. 

Xitrocalcite,  Ca  (X03)o.nH20. 


NITROGEN. 

Daiapskite.   XaXO,.Xa,SO,.H„0. 

NitroslauberitP.  t>NaX03.2Xa„SO,.3H20. 


Monazite,   (('e,Di,La)PO,. 
Apatite.   (('aF)Cai(P04t3. 
Py roraorphite.    ( I'bCl ) Pb, ( PO,) 
Amblygomte,  Li  ( AlF )  1'0<. 


PHOSPHOROUS. 

Vivianite.    Fe^P.Os.SILO. 
Tlrquois.  AlPa.Al (bri)3.H,0. 

5.  Also  several  rarer  phospliates. 


Pl.ATINLM.    Pt. 

Platiniridium.  Ptir. 
Iridium.   Ir. 
Osmium.   Os. 


PLATINUM    GROUP. 

Iriddsiniiie.    IrOs. 
Palladium.  Pd. 
Ivhodium.   Ro. 
liutheuium.  Ku. 


POTASSIUM. 
Sylvite.  KCl.  Kaliniir.   K,S(  ),.AL(  S<)J,.24IL,0. 

Xiter,   KXO,.  Alunite.  K,().;UL(),.4S(),.(>IL(). 

Arcauitc.   K,SO,.  .Tarosite.   K,()..'{Fe,(),.4S0,.r>li,0. 

.\ls()  several    potassium   silic-ales,  cliief  of   wliicb   are   the   potash   feldspars   and    the 
micas. 


SELENIUM. 


Tieiiwuniile,   IlfiSe. 


202 


STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 


Quartz,   SiOa- 
Chalcedony,  SiO.. 

Also  the  great  class  of  silicates. 


SILICON. 

Tridymite,   SiO.. 
Opal,  SiO,.«H,0. 


Native  silver,   Ag. 
Argentite,  Ag.S. 
Stromeyerite   (Ag,Cu)„S. 
Hessite,  Ag^Te. 
Petzite  (Au,Ag)2Te. 
Sylvanite    (Au,Ag)Te2. 
Calaverite   (Au,Ag)Te2. 


SILVER. 

Pyrargyrite,  AgjSbSj. 
Proustite,  AgjAsSj. 
Stephanite,  Ag^SbS*. 
Polybasite,  AggSbSe. 
Cerargerite,  AgCl. 
Embolite,   Ag(Cl,Br). 


Northnpite,  Na^COjMgCOs.NaCl. 
Tychite,  2Mg.C03.2Na,C03.Na,SO,. 
Da wsoni  te.  NajAl  ( CO, )  3.2A1  ( OH )  3. 
Thermonatrite.   NaXOs-H^O. 
Gay-Lussite,    CaCd3.Na2CO3.5HoO. 
Natron,  NaXOa.lOHoO. 
Teona.  Na2CO3.HNaCO3.2H2O. 
Pirssonite,   CaCO3.Na2C63.2H2O. 
Soda  niter,  NaNO,. 
Sulfohalite,  3Na2SOi.2NaCl. 

Also  several  sodium  silicates,  chief 


SODIUM. 

Darapskite,  NaNOs.Na^SO^.H^O. 
Nitroglauberite,  6NaNO3.2Na2SO1.3H2O. 
Borax,   Na^B.O^.lOHjO. 
Ulexite.  NaCaBjOg.SHjO. 
Thenardite,  NasSOj. 
Glauberite.   Na2S04.CaS04. 
Hanksite,  4NaS04.Na2C03. 
Mirabilite,   NaoSO^.lOHjO. 
Blodite.  MgSO,.Na2SO,.4H20. 

of  which  are  the  sodium  feldspars. 


Stroutiauite,  SrCOj 


STRONTIUM. 

Celestite,  SrSO, 


Native  Sulphur.  S. 


SULPHUR. 

Pyrite.  FeS™ 


Also  pyrrhotite  aud  other  sulphides. 


Native  tellurium,  Te. 
Tetradymite,  Bi.Te. 
Hessite,   Ag^Te. 
Petzite    (Ag,Au)2Te. 
Altaite,   PbTe. 


TELLURIUM. 

Coloradoite,  HgTe. 
Melonite,  NijTej. 
Sylvauite    (Au,Ag)Teo. 
Calaverite   (Au,Ag)Te2. 


Native  tin,   Sn. 


TIN. 

Cassiterite,    SuOo. 


Ilmexite.    (Fe,Ti)203 
Rutile.  TiOo. 
Brookite,  TiOj. 
Octahedrite,  TiO.. 


TITANIUM. 

Titanite,  CaTiSiOs. 

Benitoite.  BaTiSisOj. 

Xeptunite,    ( Na.K ) 2 ( Fe,Mn )  TiSi^O,: 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


203 


HUBNERITE,    MnWO^. 
WOLFBAMITE    (Mn,Fe)WOi 


TUNGSTEN. 

ScnEELiTE.  CaWO^. 
Cuproscheelite    ( Ca,Cu )  WO,. 


Uraninite,  Uranate  of  lead. 


URANIUM. 

I'raoouite.  Uranate  of  lead,  H;0. 


Roscoelite  HsK(Mg,Fe)  (Al.V)^. 

Pucherite,  BiVO^. 
Vanadinite    (PbCOPb.CVO^),. 


VANADIUM. 

Volborthite,    Cu,Ba,Ca,    Vanadate. 
Cuprodescloizite,   Pb,   Zn,   Cu,   Vanadate. 


Native  zinc,  Zn. 
Sphalerite,  ZnS. 
Voltzite,  Zn^S^O. 
Smitiisoxite,  ZnCOs- 


ZINC. 

Aurichalcite,    2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zn,Cu) 

(Oil),. 
Ilydrozincite,  Basic  zinc  carbonate. 
Calamine,  HjZnoSiOo. 


ZiRCOX.  ZrSiO^. 


ZIRCONIUM. 


Agate. 

Amethyst. 

Axinite 

Benitoite. 

Beryl. 

Califormte. 

Carnelian. 

Chalcedony. 

Chiastolite. 

Chrysobei-yl. 

Chrysolite. 

Chrysopal. 


GEM  MINERALS. 
Chbysoprase. 
Crocidolite. 
Diamond. 
Dumortierite. 
Garnet. 
Iliddenite. 
Jasper. 
Kinradite. 
Kunzite. 
Lapis   Lazuli. 
Moonstone. 
Myrickite. 
Opal. 
Quartz. 


Rhodonite. 

Ruby. 

Sapphire. 

Satelite. 

Rutile. 

Spinel. 

Titanite. 

Topaz. 

Tourmaline. 

turquois. 

Vesuvianite. 

Zircon. 


204  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


MINERAL  DISTRIBUTION  BY  COUNTIES. 

All  of  the  minerals  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  pages  are  listed  by 
counties  in  order  to  show  their  distribution.  The  particular  locality 
or  description  of  any  mineral  can  easily  be  seen  by  reference  to  the 
mineral.  There  are  many  scattered  localities  and  several  which  are 
noted  for  the  great  variety  of  associated  minerals.  The  desert  counties 
lead  in  number  of  species  because  they  have  minerals  not  only  typical 
of  mountainous  regions,  such  as  vein  minerals,  contact  raetamorphic 
minerals  and  secondary  minerals  in  the  oxidization  zones  of  veins,  but 
in  addition,  minerals  typical  of  the  dry  plains  and  former  marshes  and 
lakes,  such  as  the  borates,  sulphates,  carbonates,  nitrates  and  chlorides. 
Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  counties  therefore  lead,  and  the  Cerro  Gordo 
district  and  Death  Valley  in  the  former,  and  the  Searles  Borax  Lake 
and  Calico  district  in  the  latter,  are  the  most  famous  single  localities. 

San  Diego  County  ranks  as  the  gem  county  of  the  State.  The  great 
series  of  lithia-bearing  pegmatites  which  intersect  the  diorites  at  Pala 
and  Mesa  Grande  contain  the  beautiful  pink  tourmaline  and  pink  kun- 
zite  with  many  associated  minerals. 

The  minerals  occurring  in  the  gold  regions  of  the  Sierras  are  in 
general  the  common  sulphides  and  rock-forming  minerals.  Carson  Hill 
in  Calaveras  County  and  the  mines  near  Jamestown  and  Tuttletown  in 
Tuolumne  County  were  noted  for  the  rarer  telluride  minerals  associated 
with  the  gold. 

Some  of  the  cinnabar  mines  have  also  been  noted  for  rare  and 
interesting  mineral  associations.  Several  new  species  came  from  the 
old  Redington  mine,  afterwards  named  the  Boston  mine,  at  Knoxville, 
Napa  County.  The  Sulphur  Bank  mine,  on  Clear  Lake,  Lake  County, 
and  the  New  Almaden  mine,  Santa  Clara  County,  have  produced  several 
rare  minerals. 

Other  localities  are  known  for  their  mineral  associations,  but  it  is  only 

of  those  districts -which  have  been  studied  by  men  who  have  known  the 

mnierals,  that  we  have  fairly  complete  lists. 

Alameda  County. — Actinolite,  ahinogen,  aualcite,  boothite,  caloite.  chalcanthite,  chal- 
cedony, chalcopyrite,  cliromite,  cinnabar,  coal,  copiapite,  copper,  cuprite,  enstatite, 
ei).somite,  halite,  halotrichite.  hematite,  hydromagnesite.  kiiramei-erite.  limonite, 
magnesite,  manganite,  melauterite,  natrolite,  petroleum,  pisanite,  psilomelane, 
pyrite,  pyrolusite,  pyi'ophyllite,  rhodochrosite,  rhodonite,  serpentine,  talc,  vivian- 
ite,  zircon. 

Alpine  Coutitij. — Argentite,  arsenolite,  barile.  biotite,  calcite,  chalcocitc,  chalcopyrite, 
enargite,  famatinite,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  gypsum,  hematite,  jasper,  kalinite, 
marcasite,  polybasite,  p.vrargyi'ite.  pyrite,  realgar,  rose  quartz,  silver,  sphalerite, 
stephanite,  stronieyerite*  tetrahedrite,  tourmaline,  wood  opal. 


MINERAIiS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  205 

Amador  County. — Aniorliyst.  arsonopyritc.  biotite.  calcite,  chak'anthite.  chalcedony, 
chalcopyrite,  chromitc.  clirysocolla,  clay,  coal,  copper,  cuprite,  diamond,  epsomite, 
,u;aleua.  gold,  ilmenite.  iouite.  limouite,  Ifillinstite,  magnetite,  malachite,  pyrite, 
pyrolusite.  rectorite,  rock  crystal,  rose  (juartz,  nitile.  serpentine,  talc,  telliiriiini. 
trcmolite,  wood  opal. 

Butte  County.- — Asbestos,  barite,  califoruite.  chromite.  chrysoberyl,  diamond,  epidote, 
garnet,  gold,  gypsum,  hematite,  hornblende,  ilmenite,  lead,  limonite.  magnetite, 
marble,  monazite.  olivine,  prochlorite,  platinum  minerals,  rhodoehrosite,  rhodonite, 
rutile,  smoky  tiuartz.  talc,  topaz,  vesuvianite,  wood  opal,  zircon. 

CalareruH  County. — Albite,  altaite,  ankerite.  aragonite.  areenopyrite.  azurite.  barite, 
boothite,  bornite,  brochantite,  calcite,  calaverite,  chalcauthite,  chalcedony,  chalco- 
cite.  chalcopyrite.  chloritoid.  chromite,  clirysocolla.  copper,  coquimbite,  covellite, 
cuprite,  dolomite,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  graphite,  hematite,  hesslte,  hyalite, 
ilmenite,  jamesonite,  jasper,  kaliaite,  limonite,  lithomarge,  magnesite,  magnetite, 
malachite,  manganite,  margarite,  mariposite,  melanconite,  melonite.  millerite. 
opal,  orthoclase.  petzite.  platinum  minerals,  pyrite,  pyromoi'phite.  pyrolusite. 
pyrrhotite.  quartz,  rectorite.  silvei',  sphalerite,  stibnite,  sylvanite,  talc,  tellurium, 
tetradymite.  tetrahedrite,  uraconite,  iiraninite.  valencianite,  viviauite.  wood 
opal,  zircon. 

Colusa  County. — Aragonite.  chalcotrichite.  coal,  chromite.  cinnabar,  copper,  cuprite, 
electrum,  gj'psum,  lignite,  manganite.  melanconite.  metacinnabarite.  p.yrite, 
pyrolusite,  sulphur. 

Contra  Costa  County. — Actinolite,  albite.  analcite.  anthophyllite,  apatite,  clay,  coal, 
crossite,  diopside.  enstatite.  epidote.  fluorite,  glaucophane.  gypsum,  hyalite,  law- 
sonite,  manganite,  opal,  petroleum,  prochlorite.  psilomelane.  pyrolusite,  serpentine, 
talc,  titanite,  tremolite.  zircon. 

Del  Xorte  County. — Agate,  awaruite,  bornite,  chalcedony,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite, 
chromite,  cinnabar,  copper,  cuprite,  diamond,  enstatite,  garnet,  gold,  graphite, 
hematite,  ilmenite.  jasper,  kiimmererite,  magnetite,  melanconite.  monazite.  olivine, 
penninite.  platinum  minerals,  pyrrhotite,  tetrahedrite,  wollastonite,  zircon. 

El  Dorado  County. — Adularia,  agalmatolite,  anatase,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  axinite, 
barite,  bismuth  gold,  bornite.  brookite.  calaverite,  calcite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite, 
chloropal,  chromite,  cinnabar,  clay,  copper,  coquimbite,  cubauite.  diamond, 
enargite,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  hematite,  hessite.  hornblende,  ilmenite, 
limonite,  ludwigite.  magnetite,  meteorite,  molybdenite,  monazite,  nontronite. 
orthoclase,  petzite,  platinum,  pyrolusite,  pyromorphite,  pyrophyllite,  quartz,  ros- 
coelite,  serpentine,  sphalerite,  talc,  tin,  titanite,  tourmaline,  vesuvianite,  zircon. 

Fresno  County. — Andalusite,  apatite,  asbestos,  barite.  bismuthinite.  bismutite.  boraite. 
californite,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chrysocolla,  cinnabar,  coal,  columbite,  copper, 
diamond,  epidote,  garnet,  gold,  graphite,  gypsum,  ilmenite,  kaliuite,  magnesite. 
magnetite,  mol.vbdenite.  moss  opal,  petroleum,  p.vrrhotite,  stilbite.  tantalite. 
titanite.  touiTnaline.  turquois.  vesuvianite.  zaratite.  zircon. 

Glenn  County. — Chromite,  copper,  cuprite,  talc,  volborthite. 

JIuniholdt  County. — Agate,  caruelian,  chalcedony,  chalcocite.  chalcopyrite.  chromite, 
coal,  copper,  garnet,  gold,  graphite,  hematite,  ilmenite,  ja.sper,  jet,  magnetite, 
monazite,  olivine,  petroleum,  platinum  minerals,  prase,  pj'rrhotite,  rutile,  spinel, 
vivianite,  zircon. 

Imperial  County. — Arsenopyrite,  bliidite,  chalcopyrite,  cyanite,  dumortierite,  electrum. 
epsomite,  gypsum,  halite,  sulphur,  tetrahedrite. 

Inyo  County. — Anglesite.  anhydrite,  argentite,  asbestos,  atacamite.  aurichalcite, 
axinite,  azurite.  barite.  bindheimite,  bismuthinite.  bismutite.  boracite,  borax, 
bornite,  botryogen,  bournoiiite,  brochantite,  calamine,  calcite.  caledonite,  celestite. 
cerargerite.  cerussite.  cervantite.  chalcocite,  chalcoi)yrite,  chrysocolla.  cinnabar, 
colemanite,  copper,  co(iuimi)ite.  covellite.  cuprite,  darapskite.  datolite.  dawsonite, 
dolomite,  dufrenoysite.  embolite.  ejiidote.  fluorite.  galena,  garnet,  gay-lussile. 
geocronite,   gothite.   gold.   gyi)sum,    halite,   halloysite,    hanksite,   hematite,    hydro- 


206  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

masnesite,  hydrozincite,  jamesonite,  jasper,  kalinite,  leadhilllte,  lenzinite,  limouite, 
Hnarite,  liroconite,  malachite,  malacolite,  marble,  metacinnabarite,  mimetite, 
molybdenite,  montmorillonite,  mountaiu  cork,  muscovite,  natron,  niter,  nitro- 
glauberite,  orthoclase,  petzite,  phosgenite,  platinum,  plumbogummite.  pyromor- 
phite,  rock  crystal,  sal  ammoniac,  sepiolite,  serpentine,  siderite,  silver,  smithsonite, 
soda  niter,  sphalerite,  stibnite,  stromeyerite,  sulphur,  sylvite,  talc,  tetrahedrite, 
thenardite,  thermonatrite,  tourmaline,  tremolite,  trona,  ulexite,  vesuvianite,  wil- 
lemite,  wolframite,  wulfenite. 

Kern  Counti/. — Antimonj',  argentite,  arsenopyrite,  asphalt,  barite,  borax,  cerargerite, 
cervantite,  chalcedony,  chalcopyrite,  chloropal,  cinnabar,  clay,  coccinite,  cole- 
manite,  cuprite,  cuproscheelite.  eustatite,  galena,  garnet,  gilsonite,  gypsite,  halite, 
hematite,  hessite,  ilmenite.  jarosite,  kermesite.  lead,  lepidomelane,  maguesite, 
magnetite,  marble,  meteorite,  minium,  opal,  orthoclase,  petroleum,  platinum 
minerals,  proustite.  pyrargyrite.  scheelite.  sepiolite,  silver,  smithsonite,  stibi- 
conite,  stibnite,  sulphur,  talc,  tourmaline,  ulexite,  wulfenite. 

Kings  County. — Cinnabar,  gypsite. 

Lake  County. — Borax,  chromite,  cimolite,  cinnabar,  clay,  copiapite,  crocidolite, 
epsomite,  gypsum,  kalinite.  melanlerite.  mercury,  metacinnabarite.  opal,  pos- 
epnyte,  sassolite,  serpentine,  stibnite,  sulphur,  tiemannite,  tschermigite.  violan, 
wollastonite,  zoisite. 

Lassen  County. — Annabergite.  bernardinite,  garnet,  gypsum,  halloysite.  jefferisite. 
mesolite,  muscovite,  smaltite,  sulphur,  tourmaline,  wood  opal. 

Los  Angeles  County. — Anhydrite,  annabergite,  argentite,  asbolite,  asphalt,  barite, 
bismutite,  bornite,  calcite,  chalcocite,  chrysocolla.  colemanite,  copper,  corundum, 
cyanite,  diatomaceous  earth,  diopside,  epidote,  erythrite,  fluorite,  galena,  garnet, 
graphite,  gypsum,  howlite,  ilmenite,  kalinite,  labradorite,  lapis  lazuli,  lazulite, 
leucopyrite,  magnetite,  olivine,  orthoclase,  petroleum,  sal  ammoniac,  siderite, 
silver,  smaltite,  sphalerite,  stibnite,  talc,  tetrahedrite,  ulexite,  vesuvianite, 
vivianite. 

Madera  County. — Bismuthinite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chi'omite,  covellite,  electrum, 
galena,  hematite,  ilmenite,  lazurite,  magnetite,  molybdenite,  orthoclase,  pyrrhotite, 
vivianite,  wolframite,  zaratite. 

Marin  County. — Actinolite,  agate,  albite.  asbestos,  chalcedony,  chalcopyrite,  epidote, 
garnet,  glaucophane,  hematite,  jasper,  kinradite,  lawsonite,  manganite,  mar- 
garite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  pyrophyllite,  pyrrhotite,  talc,  titauite.  wolframite, 
zircon. 

Mariposa  County. — Alunite.  andalusite.  aukerite,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  azurite, 
barite.  biotite,  bronzite,  calcite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chloropal.  chrysocolla, 
cinnabar,  cobaltite,  copper,  covellite,  danaite,  erythrite,  epidote,  galena,  garnet, 
gold,  gold  amalgam,  gothite.  gypsum,  hornblende,  ilmenite,  limonite,  malachite, 
mariposite,  molybdenite,  orthoclase,  pitticite,  pyrite,  pyromorphite.  pyrrhotite, 
pyrophyllite,  rock  crystal,  scorodite,  serpentine,  sillimanite,  sphalerite,  stibnite, 
sulphur,  talc,  tetrahedrite,  tourmaline,  wolframite. 

Mendocino  County. — Chromite,  copper,  garnet,  graphite,  jefferisite,  magnesite.  man- 
ganite, olivine,  platinum  minerals,  pyrolusite,  tetrahedrite,  zircon. 

Merced  County. — Calcite,  cinnabar,  copper,  stibnite. 

Modoc  County. — Clay,  hematite,  magnetite,  natrolite,  stilbite. 

Mono  County. — Anglcsite,  anhydrite,  ankerite,  argentite,  arsenopyrite,  azurite.  barite, 
bismite,  bismuthinite.  bismutite,  bornite.  calcite,  cerargerite.  cerussite,  chal- 
cedony, chalcopyrite,  chrysocolla,  cinnabar,  clay,  cobaltite,  copper,  cuprite,  diato- 
maceous earth,  embolite,  fluorite,  galena,  geocronite,  gold,  greenockite,  gypsum, 
halloysite,  hematite,  hornblende,  kalinite,  lazulite,  magnetite,  malachite,  melante- 
rite,  molybdenite,  molybdite,  orthoclase,  partzite,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  pyri'hotite, 
quartz,  rutile,  silver,  sphalerite,  stephanite,  stetefeldtite,  stibnite,  tetrahedrite, 
travertine,   tridymite. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  207 

Monterey  County. — Arsenic,  bitumen,  chalcedony,  chroraite,  cinnabar,  coal,  dialoma- 
ceous  earth,  sarnet.  graphite,  iddinjisite,  magnetite,  metaciuuabarite,  orthoclase, 
pisanite,  serpentine,  stibuite,  zaratite. 

2iapa  County. — Asbestos,  barite,  botryogen,  calomel,  chalcedony,  cinnabar,  copiapite, 
copper,  coqnimbito,  covellite,  crednerite,  cuprite,  epsomite.  erythrite,  gypsum, 
hematite,  jamesonite,  jasper,  kalinite,  kuoxvillite,  lithomarge,  magnesite,  marca- 
site,  melanterite,  mercury,  metaciuuabarite,  millerite,  mii'abilite,  molybdenite, 
morenosite,  uapalite,  pyrolusite.  redingtonite,  rock  crystal,  serpentine,  smaltite, 
stibnite,  sulphur,  talc,  wollastonite,  wood  opal. 

Nevada  County. — Agate,  altaite,  aluuogeu,  andalusite,  anorthite,  anorthoclase,  argen- 
tite,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  axinite,  barite,  biotite,  bismuth,  calcite,  chabazite, 
chalcanthite,  chalcedony,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chrysocolla,  cinnabar,  clay, 
cobaltite,  copper,  cuprite,  danaite.  diallage,  diamond,  dolomite,  enstatite,  epidote, 
galena,  garnet,  gold,  gold  amalgam,  gypsum,  hematite,  hessite,  hornblende, 
ilmenite,  jasper,  labradorite,  limonite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  marcasite.  melaco- 
nite,  microcliuo,  molybdenite,  molybdite,  olivine,  orthoclase,  platinum,  psilomelane, 
pyrargyrite.  pyrito.  pyrolusite,  pyrrhotite,  rock  crystal,  scheellte,  sericite,  serpen- 
tine, smaltite,  sphalerite,  stephanite,  talc,  tetradymite,  tetrahedrite,  tourmaline, 
uralite,  wernerite.  wollastonite,  wood  opal,  zircon. 

Orange  County. — Arcanite,  anhydrite,  barite,  cinnabar,  diatomaceous  earth,  fuchsite, 
galena,  garnet,  gypsum,  hematite,  ilmenite.  magnetite,  metacinnabarite,  petroleum, 
tiemannite,  tourmaline. 

Placer  County. — Aragonite,  arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  barite,  calcite,  cerargerite,  chal- 
cedony, chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chloropal,  clay,  clinochlore,  coal,  cobalt- 
ite, copper,  cuprite,  electrum,  epidote,  garnet,  gold,  hematite,  ilmenite,  kalinite, 
klimmererite,  kotschubeite,  limonite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  mauganite,  marble, 
millerite,  molybdenite,  monazite,  platinum  minerals,  psilomelane,  pyrite,  pyro- 
lusite, pyrrhotite,  rhodochrosite,  rock  crystal,  serpentine,  silver,  sphalerite,  talc, 
tetrahedrite,  tourmaline,  tremolite,  wood  opal,  zircon. 

Plumas  County. — Albite,  arsenopyrite,  apatite,  bornite,  braunile,  cassiterile,  cha- 
bazite, chalcocite.  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  chrysocolla,  copper,  corundum,  crocido- 
lite,  cuprite,  diallage,  edenite,  epidote,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  hausmannite,  hematite, 
hornblende,  hyperstheue,  ilmenite,  jasper,  leucoxene,  limonite.  magnetite,  malachite, 
mauganite,  millerite,  molybdenite,  monazite,  oligoclase,  olivine,  platinum  minerals, 
psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  pyrophyllite,  pyrrhotite.  quartz,  rhodonite,  sei-pentine, 
silvei",  sphalerite,  strontiauite,  tetrahedrite,  titanite,  tremolite,  wood  opal, 
wnlfenite,  zircon,  zoisite. 

Riverside  County. — Andalusite,  axinite,  bauxite,  berjd,  biotite,  bismuthinite,  borax, 
brucite,  calcite,  cassiterite,  chalcopyrite,  choudrodite,  clay,  clinochlore.  copper, 
conindophyllite,  diopside,  galenite.  garnet,  greeuockite,  gypsum,  halite,  hematite, 
hydromagnosite,  kunzite.  lepidolite.  magnesite,  magnetite,  mauganite.  raonticellite, 
muscovite,  niter,  okenite.  pyrolusite,  sphalerite,  spinel,  stibnite,  stromeyerite,  talc, 
tourmaline,  vesuvianite,  wilkeite,  wollastonite,  xanthophyllite. 

Sacramento  County. — Chromite.  galena,  hornblende,  magnetite,  rock  crystal,  sphal- 
erite, talc,  vesuvianite,  zircon. 

San  Benito  Count y.—Ac.m\te,  actinolite.  aegirite,  albite,  aragonite,  benitoite,  calcite, 
chalcocite,  chromite,  chrj-socolla,  cinnabar,  coal,  crossite,  garnet,  glaucophane, 
gypsum,  jarosite,  kiimmererite,  mercury,  metacinnabarite,  natrolite,  neptunite, 
penninite,  psilomelane.  rhodochrome,  rock  crystal,  serpentine,  stibieonite,  stibnite, 
talc,  tourmaline,  valeutinite,  zaratite,  zircon. 

San  Bernardino  County. — Anhydrite,  anthophyllilc.  aragonite.  argeutite,  arseno- 
lite,  asbeferrite,  asbestos,  asbolite,  bakerite,  barite,  bernardinite,  borax,  bornite, 
calamine,  calcite.  cassiterite,  celestite,  cerargerite,  cerussite,  chalcedony,  chal- 
cocite, chalcopyrite,  chlormagnesite,  chrysocolla,  clay,  colemanite,  cookeite,  co- 
rundum, cumminglonite,  cuprite,  cuprode.scloizile,  darapskite,  embolitc,  ensta- 
tite, epidote,   fluorite,   galena,   gay-lussite,   glauberite,   graphite,   gypsite,   halite, 


208  STATE    MINING    BrREAI'. 

hanksitc,  heliotrope,  liematite,  howlitc.  liyalitp.  hydroboracite,  ilmenite,  lapis 
lazuli,  laumontite.  lepidolite.  maguetite,  malachite,  marble,  meteorite,  mimetite, 
mirabilite.  moss  agate,  museovite,  myrickite.  niter,  nitrocalcite,  nitroglaiiberite, 
northupite.  nosean,  opal,  orthoclase.  pirssonite,  priceite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite, 
quartz,  realgar,  rhodoehrosite,  sal  ammoniac,  sassolite,  scheelite,  silver,  smith- 
sonite.  soda  niter,  sphalerite,  stibnite,  stromeyerite.  sulphohalite,  sulphur,  talc, 
tetrahedrite,  thenardite.  thermonatrite,  tourmaline,  trona.  turquois,  tychite, 
ulexite,   vanadinite.  voltzite.  wolframite,  wulfenite,  zinc. 

San  Diigo  ('oinitij. — Agalmatolite.  albite,  ambl.vgonite,  anorthite,  apatite,  arsenopy- 
rite,  asbestos,  axinite,  beryl,  bismite,  bismuth,  bismutite,  bismutosphaerite.  cal- 
cite,  cassiterite,  chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  cohimbite,  corundum,  cyanite,  diatoma- 
ceous  earth,  dumortierite.  epidote.  garnet,  graphite,  gypsite.  hallo.vsite,  heulandite. 
hematite,  hiddenite.  h.valite.  hypersthene.  hureaulite.  kunzite,  laumontite,  lazulite, 
lepidolite.  lithiophilite.  microcliue.  microlite.  molybdenite,  montmorillonite,  museo- 
vite. olivine,  orthoclase.  palaite.  piedmouite.  prehnite,  pucherite,  purpurite, 
pyrochlore,  pyrophyllite,  rock  crystal,  rock  soap,  rose  quartz,  rutile,  salmonsite. 
scheelite,  sicklerite.  sillimanite.  spinel,  spodumene,  stewartite,  stibiotantalite.  stil- 
bite,  strengite.  talc,  titanite.  tourmaline,  topaz,  triphylite,  vesuvianite,  zircon. 

San  Francisco  Comity. — Apatite,  apophyllite,  aragonite.  oarite,  biiicite,  calcite, 
cinnabar,  datolite,  diallage,  diopside,  enstatite,  gypstim,  gyrolite.  hj-drodolomite, 
hydromagnesite,  hypersthene,  ilmenite,  jasper,  kinradite,  lignite,  magnesite,  mag- 
netite, mercury,  olivine,  opal,  pectolite,  seriientine,  titanite. 

San  Joaquin  County. — Diatomaceous  earth,  manganite,  pyrolusite. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County. — Allophaue.  alunogen.  asphalt,  bitumen,  calcite.  chromite, 
cinnabar,  copper,  cubanite.  diatomaceous  earth,  enstatite,  glaucophaue.  gypsum, 
halite,  hydromagnesite,  ilmenite,  lawsonite,  limonite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  man- 
ganite. metacinnabarite.  onyx,  marble,  platinum  sands,  prehnite.  p.vrophyllite, 
spinel,  thenardite.  tourmaline,  wulfenite.  zircon. 

San  Mateo  County. — Agate,  barite,  calcite.  calomel,  celadonite,  chalcedony,  chromite, 
diallage.  diatomaceous  earth,  eglestonite.  jasper,  magnetite,  mai'garite,  mercury, 
olivine,  pyrolusite.  zircon. 

Santa  Barbara  County. — Agate,  allauite.  analcite.  asphalt,  augite,  barite,  calcite, 
chalcedony,  chalcodite.  cinnabar,  dolomite,  fluorite,  garnet,  gilsonite,  gypsum, 
hornblende,  ilmenite,  labradorite,  magnesite,  magnetite,  petroleum,  platinum 
minerals,  prehnite,  rock  soap,  sal  ammoniac,  stibnite,  stilbite,  serpentine,  vivianite, 
wollastonite,  zircon. 

Santa  Clara  County. — Actinolite,  apophyllite.  aragotite.  augite,  bornite.  caranthine, 
cataphorite,  chromite,  cinnabar,  clinozoisite.  crocidolite,  deweylite,  diallage,  dolo- 
mite, epidote,  epsomite.  garnet,  glaucophane,  gypsum,  gyrolite,  lawsonite,  limonite, 
lotrite,  magnesite.  magnetite,  manganite.  margarite,  mercury,  metacinnabarite, 
oligoclase.  omphacite.  paragonite.  paragasite.  petroleum,  pilinite,  pyrite,  pyrolu- 
site, rhodonite,  rutile.  smaragdite.  serpentine,  soretite,  stibiconite.  stibioferrite. 
stibnite,  talc,  tiemannite.  titanite,  zoisite. 

Santa  Cru~  County. — Bitumen,  calcite.  coal,  graphite,  ilmenite,  magnetite,  melanterite. 
olivine,  petroleum,  platinum  sands,  talc,  tremolite,  vesuvianite,  zircon. 

Shasta  County. — Asbestos,  barite,  bornite.  calcite,  chalcanthite,  chalcocite,  chalcopy- 
rite, chromite,  cinnabar,  copper,  covellite.  cuprite,  deweylite,  diatomaceous  earth, 
epidote.  galena,  garnet,  gold,  halite,  hedenbergite,  hematite,  hessite,  ilmenite, 
ilvaite,  limonite,  magnetite,  melanconite,  melanterite,  mesolite,  molybdenite, 
orthoclase.  platin.ima  minerals,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  pyrite,  pyrrhotite.  siderite, 
silver,  sphalerite,  spinel,  talc,  tellurium,  tetrahedrite,  zinc,  zircon,  zoisite. 

Sierra  County. — Arsenopyrite,  asbestos,  chalcopyrite.  chromite.  gold,  hessite.  magne- 
tite, mariposite.  natrolite.  platinum  minerals,  pyrolusite,  quartz,  serpentine, 
stibnite,  talc,  wood  opal. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  209 

Siskii/ou    Count!/. — Asbestos,    barite.    oalifuniite,    cassiterite,    chalcopyrite,    chromite, 
cinnabar,  copper,  diamond,  galena,  garnet,  gold,  graphite,  hematite,  hypersthene, 
ilmenite,  limonite,  jasper,  marble,  olivine,  opal,  ottrelite,  platinum,  platiniridiimi, 
pyrite,    pyrolusite,    pyrrhotite,    rhodonite,    scheelite,    sphalerite,    spinel,    talc,    tin, 
vesuvianite,  zircon. 
Solano  Count-!/. — Aragonite,  calcite,  cinnabar,  onyx,  marble,  sulphur. 
Sonoma  Countij. — Actinolite,   aragonite,  boussingaultite,  calcite,  chromite,  cinnabar, 
clay,   coal,   diatomaceous   earth,    epsomite,    garnet,   geyserite,   graphite,    gypsum, 
hematite,  jasper,  kalinite,  limonite,  magnesite,  manganite,  margarite,  mascagnite, 
melanterite,    natrolite.    psilomelane.    pyrite,    pyrolusite,    seii)entine,    smaragdite, 
sonomaite,  stratopeite,  sulphur,  talc,  wood  opal,  zircon,  zoisite. 
Stanislaus   Count!/. — Asbestos,  cinnabar,  clay,  gypsum,  hematite,   magnesite. 
Sutter  Countt/. — Clay.  coal. 
Tehama   Countij. — Chromite,   copper,   diatomaceous   earth,   galena,   garnet,   graphite, 

pectollte,  platinum  minerals,  sulphur,  talc,  wollastonite. 
Trinity  Count!/. — Asbestos,  barite,  cassiterite.  chalcopyrite,  chromite,  cinnabar,  cup- 
rite,  diamond,   gamet,   gold,   hematite,   ilmenite,   magnetite,   mercury,   meteorite, 
platinum  minerals,  pyrite.  realgar,  serpentine,  sylvanite,  talc,  zircon. 
Tulare  Count!/. — Agate,  annabergite.  areenopyrite,  asbestos,  californite,  chalcopyrite, 
chrysopal.    chrysoprase.    copper,    cuprite,    diatomaceous    earth,    epidote.    galena, 
garnet,  graphite,  gypsum,  jefferisite,   limonite,   magnesite,   magnetite,   malacolite, 
minium,    molybdenite,    opal,    orthoclase,    pyromorphite,    rhodonite,    rock    crystal, 
rose  quartz,  satelite,  scheelite,  sphalerite,   stibnite,   stilbite,   sulphur,   talc,   tour- 
maline, wood  opal. 
Tuolumne   County. — Albite,   altaite,   aukerite,   aragonite,    asbestos,   berthierite.   beryl, 
calcite,   chalcanthite,   chalcocite,   chalcopyrite,   chromite,   coloradoite,   coquimbite, 
cuprite,    c.yanite,    diallage,    dumortierite,    enstatite,    epidote,    erythrite,    galena, 
garnet,   gold,   graphite,   hematite,   hessite,    ilmenite,   jasper,    kalinite,    magnetite, 
manganite,  marble,  mariposite,  molybdenite,  molybdite,  orthoclase,  petzite,  psilo- 
melane,  p.yrite,   pyrolusite,   pyrrhotite,   quartz,   rhodonite,   serpentine,   sphalerite, 
talc,    tellurium,    tetradymite,   tetrahedrite,    tin.    tourmaline,   tremolite.    tridymite. 
wollastonite,  wood  opal. 
Ventura   County. — Colemanite,   gypsum,   hydroboracite,   lenzinite.    mesolite.    millerite, 

muscovite.  petroleum,  platinum  sands,  sulphur. 
Yolo  County. — Asbestos,  cinnabar,  limonite,  metacinuabarite. 

Yuha  County. — Bauxite,  chromite,  epidote.  gold,  hematite,  ilmenite.  magnetite,  niona- 
zite,  olivine,  pilinite,  platinum  sands,  rutile.  talc,  serpentine,  vivianite,  zircon. 


14— 80GO 


210  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  ON  CALIFORNIA  MINERALS. 


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MINERALS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  211 

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1.  Der  Mineralreichthum   Californiens  und  der  angrenzendeu   Staaten   und   Terri- 

torien;  Berg,  und  hiitten,  Zeitung  1869.  28.  3,  21.  ,5],  83,  94,  103. 

2.  Die  Goldlagerstiitteu  Californiens;  Neues  Jahrb.  fiir  Min.  1870,  21,  129. 

3.  Borax  in  den  westlichou  Staaten  vor  Nordamerica ;  ibid.,  1874,  716. 
Campbell.  M.  R. 

1.  Reconnaissance   of   the   Borax   Deposits'  of   Death    Valley   and   Mojave   Desert ; 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  200. 

2.  Borax  Deposits  of  Eastern  California  ;  ibid..  Bull.  213. 

3.  Coal  of  San  Benito  County  ;  ibid..  Bull.  431. 


212  STATE    MINING   BUREAU. 

Chatard,  T.  M. 

1.  On  Urao;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,  (3),  38,  59;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  60. 

2.  Natural  Soda,  Its  Occurrence  and  Utilization  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  60. 
Clarke,  F.  W. 

1.  Analysis  of  Halloysite  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  9. 

2.  A  New  Occurrence  of  Gyrolite  ;  ibid..  Bull.  64;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,   (3),  38, 

128. 

3.  Note  on  Garnet  from  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  189.5,    (3),  50,  76. 
Clarke,  F.  W.,  and  Steiger,  G. 

1.  On  Californite;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  262. 
Crawford,  J.  J. 

1.  Twelfth  Annual  Kept.  Cal.  State  Mineralogist;  1892-94. 

2.  Thirteenth  Annual  Rept.  Cal.  State  Mineralogist ;  1894-96. 
Dana,  E.  S. 

1.  The  Crystallization  of  Gold;   Amer.  Jour.   Sci.   1886.    (3),  32,   132;   Zeits.  fur 

Kryst.  1886,  12,  278. 

2.  System  of  Mineralogy ;  1892. 
Dana,  E.  S.  and  Penfield.  S.  L. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  188.5,   (3).  30,  136;  5th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal. 
State  Min.  1885,  65. 
Dana,  J.  D. 

1.  Gold  in  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1849,  (2),  7,  125. 

2.  Notes  on  T'pper  California;  ihid..  247. 

3.  System  of  Mineralogy  ;  1868. 
Davis.  R.  O.  E. 

1.  Analysis  of  Kunzite  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904,    (4),  18,  29. 
Day,  D.  T.  and  Richards,  R.  H. 

1.   Investigation  of  the  black  sands  from  placer  mines  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  285. 
Deville,  H.  St.  C.  and  Debray.  H. 

1.  Du   Platine  et  des   Metaux  qui   I'accompagnent ;    Ann.   des   Chem.   et  de   Phys. 
18.59,  36,  385. 

DiLLER,   J.    S. 

1.  Gold  in  Calcite;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1890,   (3),  39,  160. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  California ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  33. 

3.  Educational  Series  of  Rocks  ;  ibid..  Bull.  150. 

4.  Iron  and  Copper  Ores  of  the  Redding  Quadrangle ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  213. 
DURAND.  F.  E. 

1.  Notes  on  Crystals  of  Quartz  Containing  Cinnabar ;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1868- 

72,  Ji,  211. 

2.  Description  of  a  new  mineral  from  the  New  Almaden  mine ;  ibid.,  218. 

3.  Notes  on  the  Crystallization  of  Metacinnabarite ;  ibid..  219. 
Eakle.  a.  S. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1901,  2,  315. 

2.  Colemanite  ;  ibid.,  1902,  3,  31. 

3.  Palacheite  ;  ibid.,  190-3,  3,  231. 

4.  On  the  Identity  of  Palacheite  and  Botryogeu  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1903,    (4),  16, 

379. 

5.  Phosphorescent  Sphalerite ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  1904,  88,  64. 

6.  Notes  on  Lawsonite,   Columbite,   Beryl,  Barite  and   Calcite ;   Bull.   Dcpt.   Geol. 

Univ.  Cal.  1907.  5,  81. 

7.  Notes  on  Some  California  Minerals ;  ibid..  1908,  5,  225. 

8.  Neocolemanite,  a  Variety  of  Colemanite  and  Howlite ;  from  Lang,  Los  Angeles 

Co.,  ibid.,  1911,  6,  179. 
Eakle.  A.  S.  and  Rogers,  A.  F. 

3.  Wilkeite,   a   New   Mineral   of  the  Apatite   Group,   and  Okenite,   Its  Alteration 
Product ;  from  Southern  California  ;  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  1914,  37,  262. 


MIXERAL,S   OF    CALIFORNIA.  213 

Eakle,  a.  S.  and  Sharwood,  W.  J. 

1.  Luminescent  Zinebleude  ;  Eng.  and  Min.  Journ.  1904.  67,  1000. 
Eckel,  E.  C. 

1.  Salt  deposits  of  California  and  Utah  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Siirv.  Ball.  213. 
Edman,  J.  A. 

1.  Gold-bearing  black  sands  of  California  ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  1904. 

2.  The  Auriferous  Black  Sands  of  California  ;  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  Bull.  45. 
Eldridge.  G.  H. 

1.  Petroleum  Fields  of  California  ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull  213. 
Eldridge,  G.  H.  and  Arnold,  R. 

1.  The   Santa  Clara  Valley,   Puenta   Hills   and   I.os   Angeles  Oil   District ;   U.   S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  309. 
Emory,  W.  H. 

1.  Notes    on    a    Militaiy    Reconnaisance    from    Fort    Leavenworth   in    Missouri    to 
San  Diego,  California  :  V.  S.  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  l.S4'~; :  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1848, 
(2),  6,  389. 
Erman.  a. 

1.  Geologische   "S'erhaltnisse   \ou   Californien :    Arch,    fiir,   wiss.   Kunde   von   Russ. 

1850.  7,  713. 

2.  Geographische  Verbreitung  des  Goldes  ;  ibid.  725. 

Abstracts  Neues  Jahrb.  fiir  ]Min.  1850.  359,  494. 
Evans.  J.  T. 

1.  Colemanite  ;  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1884,  1,  57.  : 

2.  Chemical  Properties  and  Relations  of  Colemanite ;  ibid..  1885,  2,  37.  ' 
Fairbanks,  H.  W. 

1.  Geology  of  the  Mother  Lode ;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 

2.  Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  Shasta  County ;   11th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.   State  Min. 

1891. 

3.  On  Analcite  Diabase  From  San  Luis  Obispo  County ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ. 

Cal.  1895,  1,  273. 

4.  The  Geology  of  Point  Sal ;  ibid.,  1896,  2,  1. 

5.  The  Tin  Deposits  of  Temescal,  Southern  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1897,  (4), 

Ji,  39. 
FOOTE.  W.  M. 

1.  Preliminary  Note  on  a  New  Alkali  Mineral ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1895,  (3),  50,  480. 

Ford.  W.  E. 

1.  On   the   Chemical   Composition   of  Dumortierite ;   Amer.   Jour.    Sci.   1902,    (4), 

1.',.  42G;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1903,  .37,  417. 

2.  Neptunite  Crystals  from  >San  Benito  County  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1909,  27,  235. 

Foster,  E.  LeN. 

1.  Production  of  Carbonate  of  Soda  from  the  Alkaline  Waters  of  Owens  Lake ; 
Proc.  Colo.  Sci.  Soc.  1890,  3,  245. 
Gale.  H.  S. 

1.  The  Lila  C  Borax  Mine  at  Ryan,  Cal. ;  U.  S.  Min.  Res.  1911,  861. 

2.  The  Origin  of  Colemanite  Deposits ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Prof.  Paper,  85,  1913. 

3.  Borate  Deposits  in  Ventura  County,  Cal. ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  540,  1913. 
Genth,  F.  a. 

1.  On  a  Probably  New  Element  with   Iridosmine  and  IMatintim  from  California; 

Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1852,  '/,  209:  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1853.  (2),  15,  246. 

2.  Contributions  to  Mincralogj- ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1859,  (2),  2S,  246. 

3.  Observations  on  Certain  Doubtful  Minerals ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1867,  19,  86. 

4.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  7;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1868,   (2),  .J.5,  305. 

5.  On  some  American  Vanadium  Minerals;  ibid,  1876,  (3),  12,  32. 

6.  Roscoelite ;  Chera.  News  1876.  S',,  78. 

7.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  29 ;  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1887,  2i,  23. 

8.  Contributions  to  Mineralogy,  No.  54;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1892,  (3),  J^-ff,  381. 


214  .  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Giles,  W.  B. 

1.  Bakerite  (a  new  borosilicate  of  calcium)  and  Howlite  from  California;  Mineral 
Magazine  1903,  13,  353. 
Goldsmith,  E. 

1.  Trautwineite — a  new  mineral ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1873,  2o,  9. 

2.  The  Composition  of  Trautwinite ;  ibid.  348. 

3.  Analysis  of  Chromite  from  Monterey  County  ;  ibid,  365. 

4.  Stibioferrite,  a  new  mineral  from  Santa  Clara  County ;  ibid.  366. 

5.  On  Sonomaite;  ibid.  28,  263. 

6.  On  Boussingaultite  and  other  minerals  from  Sonoma  County  ;  ibid.  264. 
Goodyear,  W.  A. 

1.  Geology  of  several  California  counties  ;  8th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State.  Min.  1888. 
Gbaton,  L.  C. 

1.  Copper  deposits  of  Shasta  County ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  430. 
Graton,  L.  C,  and  Schaller,  W.  T. 

1.  Purpurite,  a  new  mineral;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905,   (4),  20,  146. 
^UTZKOW,    F. 

1.  Analysis  of  Hydromagnesite  from  Livermore ;  6th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min. 
1886. 
Hanks,  H.  G. 

1.  Notes  on  Cuproscheelite ;  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1873.  5.  133. 

2.  Notes  on  Roscoelite ;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  ISSl,  //2,  428. 

3.  1st  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1880-81. 

4.  2d  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1882. 

5.  3d  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1883. 

6.  4th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1884. 

7.  5th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1885. 

8.  6th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;  1886. 

9.  Occurrence  of  Hanksite  in  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1889,   (3),  37,  63. 

10.  On  a  new  variety  of  Gay  Lussite  from  San  Bernardino  County ;  Min.  and  Sci. 
Press  1892,  6-',,  222. 

Harder,  E.  C. 

1.  Manganese  Deposits  of  the  United  States ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  427,  1910. 

2.  Iron  and  Manganese,  and  also  Gypsum  of  California ;  ibid.  Bull.  430. 
Hess,  F.  L. 

1.  The  working  magnesite  deposits  of  California ;  Eng.  Mag.  1906,  31,  691. 

2.  The  magnesite  deposits  of  California;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  355,  1908. 

3.  A  Reconnaissance  of  the  Gypsum  Deposits  of  California ;  ibid.  Bull.  413. 

4.  Tungsten-bearing  vein  near  Raymond  ;  Molybdenite  at  Corona  ;  ibid.  Bull.  340. 

5.  Gypsum  deposits  near  Cave  Springs  ;  ibid.  Bull.  430. 

Hidden,  W.  E. 

1.  On  Hanksite,  a  new  anhydrous  sulfato-carbonate  of  sodium  from  San  Ber- 
nardino County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1885,  (3),  30,  133;  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 
1885,  3,  328 ;  5th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1885,  62. 

Hidden,  W.  E.,  and  Mackintosh,  J.  B. 

1.  Sulphohalite,  a  new  sodium  sulphato-chloride  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1888,   (3),  36, 

463 ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1889,  15,  294. 

2.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1891,   (3),  U,  438. 
Hillebrand,  W.  F. 

1.  Mineralogical   Notes:    Melonite    (?),   Coloradoite.   Petzite   and   Hessite ;   Amer. 
Jour.  Sci.  1899,   (4),  S,  295. 
HiLLiBBAND,  W.  F.,  TURNER,  H.  W.,  and  Clarke,  F.  W. 
1.  On  Roscoelite;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1899,   (4),  7,  451. 

HlORTDAHL,    T. 

1.  Colemanit,  ein  krystallisirtes  Kalkborat  aus  Californien  ;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1884, 
10,  25. 


MINERALS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  215 

HLAWATSCn,  C. 

1.  Die  Krystallform  des  Beuitoits  ;  Centralblatt  fiir  Miu.  Geol.  Pal.  1909,  293. 

HOFMANX.C.    F. 

1.  California  Gold;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1840,  (2),  S,  449. 

HOLWAY,  R.   S. 

1.  Eclogites  in  California  :  Jour,  of  Geol.  1904,  12,  .Sol. 
Hunt,  T.  S. 

1.  On  the   recent  formation   of  Quartz  and   on   Silification   in   California ;    Amer. 
Jour.  Sci.  1880,  (3),  19,  371. 
Hutchinson,  A. 

1.  On  the  identity  of  Neocolemauite  with  Colemauite  :  Miu.  Mag.,  1912,  IG,  239. 
Ibelan,  W. 

1.  6th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  ISSG. 

2.  7th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;  1887.  . 

3.  8th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1888. 

4.  9th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist;  1889. 

5.  10th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1890. 

6.  11th  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Mineralogist ;  1891-92. 
Jackson,  A.  W. 

1.  On  Colemanite,  a  new  Borate  of  Lime  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1884,  (3),  28,  447. 

2.  On  the  Morphology  of  Colemanite ;  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  1885,  2,  3. 

3.  Mineralogical  Contributions  ;  ibid,  1886,  -),  358. 
Jamieson,  G.  S. 

1.  On  the  Natural  Iron-nickel  Alloy,  Awaruite ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905,    (4),  19, 
413. 
Kemp,  J.  F. 

1.  Geological  Relations  and  Distribution  of  Platinum  and  Associated  Metals;  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  103,  1902. 
Knopf,  A. 

1.  Notes  on  the  Foothill  Copper-belt  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ. 
Cal.  1906,  4,  411. 
Knopf,  A.,  and  Thelen.  P. 

1.  Sketch   of  the  Geology   of  Mineral  King,   California ;   Bull.   Dept.   Geol.   Univ. 
Cal.  1905,  4,  227.    ' 
KOENIG,  G.  A. 

1.  Analysis  of  Mountain  soap ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1878,  30,  405. 
Kboustciioff.  K.  de. 

1.  Note  sur  une  hypC-rite  a  structure  porphyrique  de  I'Amerique ;   Bull.  Soc.  Fr. 
Min.  1885,  8,  11. 
KUNZ,  G.  F. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes  on  Brookite,  Octahodrite,  Quartz  and  Ruby ;  Amer.  Jour. 

Sci.  1892,  (3),  J,3,  329. 

2.  Octahedrite  (Anatase)  from  Placerville.  El  Dorado  County;  Mineral  Mag.  1901, 

9,  394. 

3.  On  a  new  lilac-colored  transparent  Spodumene ;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   1903,    (4), 

16,  264. 

4.  Californite  (Vesuvianite)  ;  ibid,  397. 

5.  Bismuth  and  Bismuth-ocher  from  Pala ;  ibid,  398. 

6.  Precious  Stones  of  the  United  States;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Min.  Res.  1882-1906." 

7.  Gems  of  California ;  Bull.  37  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur. 
Kustel,  G. 

1.  Tellurite  of  Gold  and  Silver;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press  1865,  10.  306. 
Lawson.  a.  C. 

1.  Geology  of  Cannelo  Bay;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  189.3,  1,  1. 

2.  Sketch  of  the  Geology  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula  ;  15th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S. 

Geol.  Surv.  1893,  405. 


216  STATE    MINING    BUREzVU. 

Lawson,  a.  C. — Coutinued. 

3.  Plumasite  ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1903,  3,  219. 

4.  Orbicular  Gabbro  at  Dehesa ;  Sau  Diego  County;  ibid,  1904,  3,  383. 
LeConte,  J.,  and  Rising,  W.  B. 

1.  The  Phenomena  of  Metalliferous  Vein  formation  now  in  progress  at  Sulphur 
Bank.  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1882,   (3),  2.',,  23. 

LiNDGBEN,    W. 

1.  The   Silver  mines   of  Calico,   California ;   Trans.   Amer.    Inst.    Min.    Eng.   1887, 

15,  717. 

2.  Contributions   to   the   Mineralogy   of  the   Pacific   Coast ;    Proc.    Cal.   Acad.    Sci. 

1888,   (2),  1.  1. 

3.  Gold  Deposit  at  Pine  Hill;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1892,   (3).  JfJ,,  92. 

4.  Gold-Silver  veins   of  the   Ophir  District ;    14th   Ann.   Kept.   U.    S.    Geol.    Surv. 

1892-93,  Part  2,  249. 

5.  Auriferous  Veins  of  Meadow  Lake;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1893,   (3).  Jf6,  201. 

6.  The  Gold  Quartz  veins  of  Nevada  City  and  Grass  Valley;    17th   Ann.   Rept. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1895-96,  Part  2,  13. 

7.  The  Tertiary  Gravels  of  the   Sierra  Nevada  of  California  ;   U.   S.  Geol.   Surv. 

1911,  Prof.  Paper  73. 

LOUDERBACK,    G.    D. 

1.  Benitoite,  a  new  mineral ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1907,  5,  149. 

2.  Benitoite,  its  parageuesis  and  mode  of  occurrence  ;  ibid.  1909,  5,  331. 
Lyman,  C.  S. 

1.  Mines  of  Cinnabar  in  Upper  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1848,   (2),  6.  270. 

2.  Obsen-ations  in  California;  ibid,  1849,   (2),  7,  291,  305,  309. 

3.  Platinum  and  Diamonds  in  California  ;  ibid,  8,  294. 

4.  Notes  on  the  California  Gold  Fields  ;  ibid,  415. 

5.  Gold  of  California  ;  ibid,  9,  126. 
Mathewson,  J.  D. 

1.  Vorkommen  von  Tellurgold  und   Tellursilber  in   Californien  ;    Berg  and  hiitten 
Zeitung  1865,  2.'t,  374. 
Melville,  W.  H. 

1.  Metacinnabarite   from   New   Almaden ;   Amer.   J'our.    Sci.   1890.    (3),   J/O,   291; 

U.  S.   Geol.   Surv.  Bull.   78,  1889-90. 

2.  Mineralogical  Notes;  ibid.  Bull.  90. 

Melville,  W.  H.,  and  Lindgben,  W. 

1.  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Pacific  Coast ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull. 
61,  1890. 
Merbill,  G.  p. 

1.  On  a  new  meteorite  from  San  Emigdio  Range,   San  Bernardino  County,  Cali- 
fornia.    Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  1888,  35,  490. 

MooBE,  G.  E. 

1.  On   the   occurrence   in   nature   of   amorphous    Mercuric   sulphide;    Amer.    Jour. 
Sci.  1872,   (3),  3,  36. 
MooBE,  G.  E.,  and  ZEPHARO^^CH,  V. 

1.  Kallait  pseudomorph  nach  Apatit  aus  Californien  ;  Zeits.  fiir  Ki-yst.  1884,  10, 
240. 

MtJLHEIMS,    A. 

1.  Colemanit  von  Californien;  Zeits.  fiir  Kryst.  1888,  l.'i.  230. 
MURGOCI,   G. 

1.  Contribution   to   the   Classification   of  the  Amphiboles :   On   some   Glaucophane 
schists,  syenites,  etc. ;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1906,  Jf,  359. 
Orcutt,  C.  R. 

1.  Minerals  of  the  Colorado  Desert ;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 
Owens,  D.  D. 

1.  Notice  of  a  new  mineral  from  California ;  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  1852,  6,  108. 


MINERALS  OP  CALIFORNIA.  217 

Palache,  C. 

1.  Soda  Illiyollte  uortli  of  Berkeley  ;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1S93,  1,  Gl. 

2.  Lherzolite-Sei'pontiue  and  associated  rocks  of  the  Potrero,  San  Francisco ;  ihid, 

1SU4,  1,  161. 

3.  Rock  from   the   vicinity  of  Berkeley  containinj^  a  new  Amphibole  ;   ihid.   1894, 

1,  181. 

4.  Note  on  the  crystal  form  of  Benitoite  ;  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  3909,  27,  398. 
Pemberton,  H. 

1.  Chromite;  Chem.  News,  1891,  G3,  241.    ' 
Penfield,  S.  L. 

1.  Crystallized  Tiemannite  and  Metacinnaharite ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1885,    (3).  29, 

449. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Crystallography  of  Metacinnaharite;  ihid.  1892,   (3).  //.'/,  381. 
Penfield,  S.  L..  and  Jamieson,  G.  S. 

1.  Tychite.  a  new  mineral  from  Borax  Lake;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905.   (4),  20,  217. 
Phillips,  J.  A. 

1.   Notes  on   the  chemical   geology   of   the   Gold    Fields   of  California  ;    Proc.    Roy. 
Soc.  London  1868,  16,  294;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1869,    (2),  7,7,  134. 
Pratt,  J.  H. 

1.  On  Northupite,   Pirssonite — a  new  mineral — Gay  Lussite  and   Hanksite,   from 
Borax  Lake,  San  Bernardino  County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1896,   (4),  2,  123. 
Prescott.  B. 

1.  Ilvaite,  from  Shasta  County,  Califoniia  ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1908,  26,  14. 
Preston.  E.  B. 

1.  Geology  of  Tehama  County;  10th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  1890. 
Price,  T. 

1.  Analy.sis  of  Colemanite  from  Death  Valley  ;  3d  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State.  Min. 
Prutzman,  p.  W. 

1.  Petroleum  in  Southern  California;  Cal.  Stat9  Min.  Bur.  1913,  Bull.  63. 

PURNELL,    S. 

1.  On   lonite,  a  new  mineral;   Min.   and   Sci.   Press  1877,  S.'i,  184;   Amer.   Jour. 
Sci.  1878,  (3),  i6,  153. 
Ransome,  F.  L. 

1.  The  Eruptive  Rocks  of  Point  Bonita ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1893,  1,  71. 

2.  On  Lawsonite,  a  New  Rock-forming  Mineral ;  ihid,  1895,  1,  301. 
Raymond,  R.  AV. 

L  Mines  and  Mining  in  tlie  States  and  Territorie.?  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains; 
5th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Com.  Min.  Statistics,  1873. 
Reid,  J.  A. 

1.  Igneous  Rocks  near  Pajaro,  California  ;  Bull.  Dept.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1902,  3, 173. 

2.  The  Ore  Deposits  of  Copperopolis,  California ;  Econ.  Geol.  1907,  2,  380. 

3.  The  East  Country  of  the  Mother  Lode  ;  Min.  Sci.  Press,  1907,  9.',,  279. 

4.  Some  Ore  Deposits  in  the  Inyo  Range,  California ;  ihid,  1907,  95,  80. 
Rickard,  T.  a. 

1.  Certain  Dissimilar  Occurrences  of  Gold-bearing  Quartz;   Proc.  Colo.   Sci.   Soc. 
1891,  1892,  1893.  //,  328. 
Rogers,  A.  F. 

1.  Mineralogical  Notes;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1!X)1,  12,  42. 

2.  Note  on  the  Crystalform  of  Benitoite;  Science,  1908.  616. 

3.  Minerals  from  the  Pegmatite  Veins  of  Rincon,  San  Diego  County  ;   Sch.  Mines 

Quart.  1910,  31,  208. 

4.  Eglestonite  from  San  Mateo  County';  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1911,  32,  48. 

5.  Notes  on  rare  minerals  from  California;  School  of  IMines  Quart.  1912.  55,  373. 
Rolland,  G. 

1.  Les  Gisements  de  Mercure  de  Californie  ;  Ann.  des  Mines  1878,  (7),  1),  384. 


218  STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

Root,  E.  W. 

].  On  Euarsite  from  the  Morning  Star  Mine,  Alpine  County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci. 
1868,  (2),  1,6,  201. 
RoscoE,  H.  E. 

1.  On  two  new  Vanadium  Minerals;  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  London,  1876,  25,  109. 

SCHALLER,   W.  T. 

1.  Minerals  from  Leona  Heights  ;  Alameda  County  ;  Bull.  Geol.  Univ.  Cal.  1903, 

3,  191. 

2.  Spodumene  from  San  Diego  County  ;  ih'ul,  265. 

3.  Notes  on  some  California  Minerals;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904,   (4),  11,  191. 

4.  The  Tourmaline  Locality  of  Southern  California ;   Science  1904,  19,  266. 

5.  Dumortierite ;   Amer.   Jour.    Sci.   1905.    (4).  19,  211;   Zeits.   fiir  Kryst.   1905. 

Jil,  19. 

6.  Mineralogical  Notes;   U.  S.  Geol.   Surv.  Bull.  262,  1905. 

7.  Analyses   of   tourmaline   and    associated    minerals   fi'om    San    Diego    County ; 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  419. 

8.  Calcite   Crystals   with   new   forms;   Hid.   Bull.   420;    Zeits.    fur   Kryst.    1908, 

.'/-'/.  324. 

9.  Bismuth  Ochers  from  San  Diego  County  ;  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  1911,  S3, 

162. 

10.  Krystallographische   Notisen   ueber  Albit,    Pheuakit   und   Neptunit,   Zeits.   fiir 

Kryst.  1911,  J,8.  5.50.    F.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  490. 

11.  Axinite  from  Californien ;  ihid,  48,  148 ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Bull.  490. 

12.  Cuprodescloizite  from  California ;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1911,  1,  149. 

13.  Immense  bloedite  ciystals ;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1913,  3,  75. 

14.  New  manganese  phosphates  from  the  Gem  Tourmaline  Field  of  Southern  Cali- 

fornia ;  Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  1912,  2,  143. 

15.  Beitrag  zur  Kenntnis  der  Turmalingruppe,  Zeits  fiir  Kryst.  1912,  51,  321. 
ScHALLEE,  W.  T.,  and  Hillebrand,  W.  F. 

1.  Crystallographical  and  Chemical  Notes  on  Lawsouite ;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1904, 
(4),  17,  195. 
Shepard,  C.  U. 

1.  On  a  Meteoric  Iron  lately  found  in  El  Dorado  County ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1872, 

(3),  3,  348. 

2.  Tincalconite   (Borax)  ;  Bull.  Soc.  Fr.  Min.  1878,  1,  144. 

3.  On  the  Ivanpah  Meteoric  Iron;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1880,   (3),  19,  381. 

4.  Meteoric  Iron  from  Trinity  County;  ihid,  1885,   (3),  29,  469. 

SiLLIMAN,   B. 

1.  Notes  on  the  New  Almaden  Quicksilver  mines;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   1864,    (2), 

38,  190. 

2.  On  the  Deep  Placers  of  the  South  and  Middle  Yuba,  Nevada  County,  etc. ;  ibid. 

1865,  (2),  J,0,  1. 

3.  Note  on  the  California  Diamond;  ihid.  1867,   (2),  .'/'/,  119. 

4.  Notes  on  the  Grass  Valley  District;  ibid,  236. 

5.  Notice  of  a  peculiar  mode  of  Occurrence  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  the  Foothills  of 

the   Sierra  Nevada, •  especially  at  Whiskey  Hill  and  Quail   Hill;   Proc.   Cal. 
Acad.  Sci.  1867,  3,  349. 

6.  Note  on  three  new  localities  of  Tellurium  minerals  in  California ;  and  on  some 

Mineralogical  Features  of  the  Mother  Lode;  ibid,  378. 

7.  On  the  probable  existence  of  Microscopical  Diamonds  with  Zircon  and  Topaz 

in  the  sands  of  the  Hydraulic  Washings  in  California ;   Trans.  Amer.   Inst. 
Min.  Eng.  1872,  1,  371;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1873,   (3),  5,  384. 

8.  Mineralogical   Notes   on    Utah,    California,   and   Nevada   and   a   description    of 

Priceite,  a  new  Borate  of  Lime;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1873,   (3),  6,  126. 
Smith,  J.  L. 

1.  Curious  association  of  Garnet,  Idocrase  and  Datolite ;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1874, 
(3),  8,  434. 


MINERALS   OP    CALIFORNIA.  219 

Smith.  J.  P. 

1.  The  Paragenesis  of  the  Minerals  iu  the  Glaucophane  Rocks  of  California;  Proc. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1907,  J,o,  1S4. 
So^'NE^■sc^EI^',  F. 

1.   Feber  das    Vorkommen    des    natiirlichcn    Goldamalgauis    iu    Califoruien ;    Zeits. 
der  geolog.  Gesellsch.  1854,  6,  243. 
Stekrett.  D.  B. 

1.  Tourmaline  from  San  Diego  County;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1904.   (4),  ^7',  459. 

2.  Gems  and  Precious  Stones ;  Miu.  Res.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  1906-1912. 
Stetefeldt,  C.  a. 

1.  Vorkommen  von  Tellurgold  uud  Tellursilber  in   Californieu ;   Berg  uud  hiitten. 
Zeitung  1865,  2J,,  374. 
Stillm.\n,  J.  M. 

1.  A  new  mineral   Resin  from   San  Bernardino  County;   Amer.   Jour.   Sci.   1879, 
(3),  18,  57  and  ISSO,   (3),  20,  93. 
Storms,  W.  H. 

1.  Geology  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino  counties  ;   11th  Ann.   Rept.   Cal. 
State  Min.  1891-92. 
Teschemacher,  J.   E. 

1.  Platinum  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1850,  (2),  10,  121. 
Turner.  H.  W. 

1.  The  Rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;   14th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Part  2. 

441. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Gold  ores  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1894,  (3),  47,  467. 

3.  Further  notes  on  the  Gold  ores  of  California;  ibid.  1895,   (3),  49,  374,  478. 

4.  Further  Contributions  to  the  Geology  of  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  17th  Ann.  Rept. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1895,  Part  1,  529. 

5.  Notes  on  the  Rocks  and  Minerals  of  California;  Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1898.    (4), 

5,  421. 

6.  Occurrences  of  Diamonds  in  California ;  Amer.  Geol.  1899,  23,  182. 

7.  Some  Rock-fomiing  Biotites  and  Amphiboles ;  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1899,  (4),  7,  294. 

8.  Notes  on  Unusual  Minerals  from  the  Pacific  States;  ibid,  1902,   (4),  IS,  343. 
Turner.  H.  W..  and  Melville.  W.  H. 

1.  Geology  of  Mount  Diablo  Range  ;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  1891,  2,  388. 

VODGES.  A.  W. 

1.  A  Bibliography   relating  to  the  Geology.   Paleontology  and  Mineral   Resources 

of  California  ;  Bull.  30,  Cal.  State  Miu.  Bur. 
voM  Rath.  G. 

1.  Ueber  Glauberit  und  Hauksit  von  San  Bernardino  County ;   Sitz.  d.  Niederrh. 

Gesell.  flir  Natur  imd  Heilkunde,  Bonn  18*^7,  233. 

VON    SCHROCKINGER,    J. 

1.  Posepnyt ;  Verb.  d.  k.  k.  geol.  Reichanst.  1877.  128. 
Waring.  G.  A. 

1.  Quartz  from  San  Diego  County.  California  :  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1905.  (4),  20,  125. 
Watts.  W.  L. 

1.  Report  on  Kern  County ;  11th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Miu.  1891-92. 

2.  Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   California;    Bull.    19,    Cal.    State   Min. 

Bureau. 
Whitfield,  J.  E. 

1.  Analyses  of  some  Natural   Borates  and   Borosilicates ;   Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  1887, 

(3),  S//,  281. 

2.  Analysis  of  the  San  Bernardino  Meteorite  :  Bull.  60  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
WlIITI.NG,    H.    A. 

1.  Report  on  Mono  Couuty  ;  8th  Ann.  Rept.  Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  1888. 
Whitney.  J.  D. 

1.  Geological  Survey  of  California;  Vol.  1.  Geology. 
Williams,  A.  H. 

1.  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States ;  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  18S0-S4. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Achi-oite    134 

ACMITE     112 

Actinolite    11^) 

Adularia    105 

Aegirite   112 

Agalmatolite 141, 152 

Agate    GO 

Agatized    wood    66 

Alabaster    184 

Albite    106 

Alla.mte    131 

Allopiiane    153 

Almandite     120 

Altaite    49 

Alum   190 

Alumte   193 

Alcxogen    191 

Amazon    stone 105 

Amblygomte    IGl 

Amethyst     64 

Ammonium    alum    190 

Ampiiibole 115 

Anaixite    139 

Axatase S3 

Andall'site 128 

Andesixe  106 

Audradite    120 

axgi.esite    181 

Anhydrite 181 

Anliydrous   silicates    104 

axkerite 92 

Anxabercute    107 

Anorthite   107 

Anoktiioclase    10<J 

AXTIIOIMIYI.LITE     115 

Antimonates 106 

Antlmonite    24 

Antimony    11 

Antimony    ocher    71 

Apatite    lOU 

Apophyi.lite   137 

Aragonite    90 

Aragotite    195 

Arcanite   179 

Argextite    27 

Arsenates    166 

Arsenic    11 

Arsenical    pyrites    45 

Arsenides    45 

Arsexomte    70 

Arsenopyrite    45 

Aslieferrite    110 


Page. 

Asbestos    11.5, 149 

Asbolite 89 

Asphalt   196 

Atacamite    60 

Augite   111 

Auriciialcite   99 

Aventuriue    64 

Awaruite    23 

AXINITE    132 

AZIRITE    99 

Bakerite    173 

Barite    179 

Bauxite 88 

Bexitoite 1.57 

Bernardinite     195 

Bertiiierite    51 

Beryl   119 

BiNDIIEIMITE     168 

Biotite 142 

BiSMITE     70 

BlSMLTH      11 

Bismuth    sold    15 

BlSMUTIIINITE 26 

Bismuth  ocher 70 

BiSMUTITE    102 

blsmutospiiaerite 97 

Bitumen    196 

Black  copper 74 

Black    jack    31 

Black    lead    1 8 

Black    silver    54 

Blende     31 

Blodite    189 

Bloodstone    66 

Blue  copper 36 

Blue  hornblende 118 

Blue  malachite 99 

Blucstone    188 

Blue    vitriol    188 

BOOTIIITE     188 

Boracic   acid    89 

Borates   169 

Borax   170 

BORNITE     38 

Bort 7 

Botryogen 193 

bournoxite 52 

Boussingaultite 189 

Braunite 84 

Brittle  silver 54 

Bko(  IIANTITE 183 


222 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Bromides    57 

Bronzite    109 

Brookitk    83 

Browu  hematite 87 

Brucite SS 

Bytowmte    ]07 

Cacholoiig 68 

Cairngorm    stone    64 

Calamine 133 

Calaverite    51 

Calcite    90 

Calc   spar 90 

Calc   tufa   90 

Caledonite    183 

Californite    125 

Calomel 57 

Capillary  pyrites 37 

Carbonado  7 

Carbonates   90 

Carinthine    116 

Carnelian    66 

Cassiterite 82 

Cataphorite    119 

Cel.\donite    153 

Celestite 181 

Cebargyrite 59 

Cerussite    97 

Cervantite    71 

Chabazite   139 

Chalcanthite    ISS 

Chalcedony    66 

ClIALCOCITE    30 

Chalcodite    147 

ClIALCOPYRITE -, 39 

Chalcotrichite 73 

Chalk 90 

Chiastolite 128 

Chili  saltpeter 168 

Chlorides 57 

Chlorites   146 

Chloritoid 146 

Chloromagnesite    60 

ClILOROPAL 156 

Chromic  iron 80 

Chromite 80 

Chry'sobery'l 83 

ClIRY'SOCOLLA 155 

Chrysolite 123 

Chrysopa!    68 

Chrysoprase    66 

Chrysotile 149 

CiMOLlTE    155 

Cinnabar 33 

Cinnamon  stone 120 

Citrine  quartz   65 

Clay 153 


Page 

Clinochlore  147 

Cliuozoisite 129 

Coal    196 

Cobalt  bloom 167 

Cobalt    glance    46 

Cobaltite    45 

coccinite 61 

colemanite 171 

coloradoite    50 

columbite 174 

Cookeite    142 

copiapite 192 

Copper 16 

Copperas 187 

Copper  glance   30 

Copper  pyrites 39 

coquimbite   191 

corundopiiyllite    147 

Corundum   74 

Cotton    balls    172 

covellite    36 

Crednerite    84 

Crocidolite   118 

Crossite 118 

Cubanite  39 

Cummingtonite    116 

Cuprite    73 

Cuprodescloizite     166 

CUPRO.SCHEELITE     176 

Cuprotungstite 176 

Cyanite   128 

Danaite 46 

Darapskite    169 

Datolite    129 

Dawsonite    100 

Descloizite 166 

Deweylite .- 150 

Diallage    111 

Diamond    7 

Diatomaceous   earth    68 

Diopside    111 

Disthene    128 

Dogtooth   spar 90 

Dolomite  92 

Dry     bone     95 

Duerenoysite 55 

Dumortierite  136 

Edenite    116 

Kglestonite    61 

Electrum 15 

Embolite    61 

P]n.\rgite    56 

Exhtatite    109 

Epidote    130 

Epsomiie    1S6 

Epsom    salts    186 


INDEX. 


223 


Page. 

Erythrite   167 

Essonite    120 

Erubescite    38 

Famatinite    56 

Feather  ore   o2 

Feldspars    104 

FibrolUc    128 

Flint    00 

Flos  ferri   90 

Fluorides     ~u 

Fll'orite    02 

Fluor  spar 02 

Freiberglte    oo 

Fuchsite    1-11 

Fuller's  earth l-Vl 

Galena     28 

Galexite   28 

Gar.net ■- 120 

Gat    LrssiTE    100 

Geocronite    o4 

Geyserite    08 

Gilsonito    106 

Glaubertte   179 

Glauber   salt    184 

GLAlCOPnANE    118 

(iOTHITE 87 

Gold    12 

Gold  amalgam l."> 

Graphic  tellurium ")0 

Graphite   8 

Gray    copi>er    53 

Green    copper    98 

Greexockite  30 

Grossularite    120 

Gypsite    184 

GYP.srM    184 

Gyrolite    137 

Halite    57 

Haloids    57 

Halloysite    154 

Halotriciiite    190 

Hanksite    182 

h.w.smaxnite    84 

Heavy   spar   179 

Hedenbergite    111 

Heliotrope     0(5 

Hematite    75 

Hessite    48 

Heii.a.ndite    138 

Iliddenite    112 

Hornblende 116 

Hornsilver    59 

Howlite    173 

HCbnerite    175 


Page. 

Hyalite    68 

Hyuroboracite   173 

Hydrocarbons     193 

Hydrodolomite 102 

Hyacinth 120 

HrREAlLITE     163 

Hydkomag.nesite    102 

Hydrous  silicates 137 

Hydrozixcite    99 

Hyperstiiexe    110 

Iceland    spar    00 

Iddixgsite    124 

Idocrase    125 

Ilmexite    76 

Ilvaite   133 

Indicolite     134 

Infusorial  earth 68 

Iodides     57 

Ioxite 194 

Iridium    21 

Iridosmixe 22 

iRox    22 

Iron  alum 190 

Iron  mica 142 

Iron  pyrites 43 

.Jamekoxite 52 

.T.\R0.srrE 193 

Jasper   66 

Jefferisite    148 

Kalixite    190 

Kallaite     163 

Kiimniereritp    147 

Kaolin     153 

Kaolixite    153 

Kermesite   43 

Kinradite    66 

Kxoxvu.lite 192 

KotschubeitP     147 

Kunzite 112 

Lahradokite    107 

I. apis   lazuli    120 

Laimoxtite    138 

Law.soxite    133 

Lazilite    162 

j.azirite    120 

Lead    18 

Leadhh.lite    : 182 

Lenzinite 154 

LEPiDor.iTE   142 

Lepidomelane 142 

■fieucopyrite    47 

Leucoxono 157 

Lignite    196 


224 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Lime    feldspar   107 

Lime-soda  feldspar 107 

Limestone 90 

LiMONITE    87 

IjINakitn:    183 

LiROCONITE     168 

Lithia    mica    142 

LlTHIOPIllMTK     160 

Lithomarge 154 

Lodestone    78 

LOLLINGITE 47 

Lotrite ' 132 

LUDWIGITE    .: 170 

Made    128 

Magnesite 92 

Magnesium  alum 191 

Magnesium  limestone 92 

Magnesium  mica 142 

Magnetic   iron , 78 

Magnetic  pyrites 37 

Magnetite 78 

Malachite    98 

Malacolite    l 111 

Manganite    86 

Marble     90 

Marcasite 42 

Margarite 145 

Mariposite    141 

Marmolite 149 

Martite    75 

Mascagnite    178 

Meerschaum   1.53 

Melaconite 74 

Melanterite 187 

Melonite 50 

Menaccanite 76 

Mercury    18 

Mesolite    140 

Metacinnabarite    32 

Metaxite    149 

Meteoric  iron 22 

Micas 139 

MiCROCLINE     105 

MiCROLITE      174 

MiLLERITE      37 

MiMETITE     166 

Mineral  oil 195 

Minium    84 

MiRABILlTE      184 

Mispickel     45 

Molybdates   175 

Molybdenite 26 

Molybdic  ocher 71 

Moi.ybdite    71 

monazite    1.59 

JNIonticellite    123 


Page. 

Montmorillonite    150 

Moonstone    ^ 106 

Morenosite  187 

.Moss    agate     66 

Moss    opal    68 

^Mountain  cork 115 

Mountain    leather    115 

Mountain    soap    154 

Muscovite   141 

Myrickite    66 

Xagyagite   51 

Napalite    194 

Native  elements 7 

Natrolite    140 

Natron 100 

Neocolemanite    171 

Neotocite ■  156 

Neptunite : 158 

Nickel   bloom ' 167 

Niobates    174 

Niter    169 

Nitrates     168 

Nitrocalcite    169 

Nitroglauberite    169 

Nontronite 156 

Northuupite 98 

NOSEAN 119 

Noselite     119 

Octahedrite 83 

Oil    195 

Okenite   138 

Oligoclase    106 

Olivine    ._ 123 

Omphacite     111 

Onyx    66 

Onyx   marble   90 

Opal    68 

Orthite    131 

Orthoclase 105 

Osmium    22 

Ottrelite    146 

Oxides 63 

Palacheite 193 

Palaite 164 

Palladium    21 

Pandermite 171 

Paragonite   141 

Pargasite    116 

Partzite    72 

Peacock  ore 38 

Pectolite 114 

Penninite   147 

Peridot    123 

Petroleum 195 


INDEX. 


225 


Page. 

Pktzite    48 

Phantom  crystals 04 

Phosge.mte   S>7 

Phosphates    150 

Picotite    77 

Picrolite    140 

PlKDMOXTITE     131 

Pilinite    l^O 

Finite 141 

PlRSSONITE      101 

PiSAXITE      ISS 

Pitch     106 

Pitchblende 177 

PiTTICITE    . 168 

Plasioclase    lO.j 

Platixiridium    21 

Platinum    10 

Pleonaste     78 

PiumbaffO    8 

PlAMBOGUMMITE      10.3 

I'OLYBASITE O.O 

Porcellophite    140 

POSEPNYTE     195 

Potash  alum 100 

Potash  feldspar 10.5 

I'otash    mica    141 

Potash-soda  feldspar 106 

Prase 06 

Prase    opal    08 

Preiinite   132 

Priceite    171 

Prochlorite    147 

Proustite 55 

P.silomelane 80 

Pucherite   165 

purpubite   103 

Pyrargyrite    52 

Pyrite    43 

Pyrociii.ore  174 

Pyrolusite    85 

Pyromorpiiite    101 

I'yrope 120 

Pyrophyelite   152 

Pyroxene    110 

Pyrrhotite    37 

Qx'artz   63 

Quicksilver 18 

Realgar 24 

Rectorite    154 

Red    antimony    43 

Red    arsenic    24 

REniNGTONITE     192 

Red  copper 73 

Red  lead 84 


Page. 

Redruthite    30 

Ketinolite    149 

Rhodium    22 

Rhodochrome    147 

RiionociiROSiTE 95 

Rhodonite 114 

Rock  crystal 64 

Rock  salt   57 

Rock    soap    154 

ROSCOELITE     144 

Rose  quartz 64 

Rubellite 1.34 

Ruby    74 

Ruby    silver    .52.  55 

Ruby   spinel    78 

Ruthenium 22 

RUTILE    82 

Sagenite    64 

Sal  Ammoniac  _i .59 

Sahniac 59 

Salmonsite    164 

Saltpeter 169 

Sanidine    105 

Sapphire     74 

Sard    66 

Sardonyx     . 66 

Sassolite 89 

Satelite    150 

Satin    spar    184 

Saussurite     129 

Scapolite 125 

Sciieelite    176 

scorodite    167 

Selenides 45 

Selenite 184 

Sepiolite   153 

Sericite    141 

Serpentine   , 148 

Sicklerite 165 

Siderite   95 

Silica 63 

Silicates    104 

Silicified  wood 66 

Silicious  sinter 68 

Sillimanite    128 

Silver 15 

Silver  glance   27 

Siserkite    22 

Smaltite    46 

Smaragdite   116 

Smithsonite    95 

Smoky  quartz 64 

Soapstono    1.50 

Soda    feldspar    106 

Soda-lime  feklsi)ai's 106 


226 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Soda   mica    141 

Soda  Niter  168 

sonomaite 191 

Soretite ^  116 

Spathic  ore 95 

Specularite   7.") 

Spessartite    121 

Sphalerite    31 

Spliene    1.37 

Spinel    77 

Spodumene    112 

Stalactite 90 

Stalagmite    90 

Steatite   150 

Stepiianite 54 

Stetefeldtite    72 

Stewartite   164 

Stibiconite   72 

Stibioferrite    72 

Stibiotaxtalite .* 175 

Stibnite 24 

Stilbite    139 

Stratopeite    1.56 

Strengite    164 

Stromeyerite    31 

Strontianite    96 

sulfoiialite   182 

Snlphantimonites 51 

Siilpharsenites    51 

Sulphates    178 

Sulphides 24 

Sulphosalts 51 

Sulphur    9 

Sylvanite    50 

Syxvite 58 

Talc 1.50 

Tantalates     174 

Tantalite   174 

Tar    196 

Tellurides 45 

Tellurium    12 

Tennantite    .53 

Tenorite    74 

Tetradymite 47 

Tetrahedrite    .53 

Thenardite 178 

Thermonatrite    100 

Thetis'  hairstoue 64 

Tiemannite 1 47 

Tin    . 19 

Tincal    170 

Tincalconite    170 

Tin   stone 82 

Titaniferous    iron    76 

TlTANITE      157 

Titano-silicates    157 


Page. 

Topaz    127 

Topazolite 121 

Tourmaline    134 

Trautwinite    121 

Travertine    90 

Tremolite    115 

Tridymite    67 

Tripiiylite    160 

Tripolite    68 

Trona   101 

tschermigite   190 

Tung-States    175 

TuRQUOis   163 

Tychite 98 

Uintahite 196 

Ulexite    172 

Uraconite   177 

Uralite 1 116 

Uranates 177 

Uraninite 177 

Uranocher 177 

Urao 101 

Uvarovite    121 

Valenclanite 105 

Valentinite   70 

Vanadates 165 

Vanadinite  166 

Vanadium    mica    144 

Vesuvianite    125 

Violan    111 

Vivianite 162 

A'olborthite    166 

voltzite    44 

Wad    89 

Water 63 

Wernerite 125 

While   ai-senic    70 

White    pyrites 42 

WiLKEETE    165 

Willemite 124 

Wolframite    175 

Wollastonite    113 

Wood   opal   68 

Wulfenite    177 

Xanthophyllite   146 

Zaratite    102 

Zeolites   137 

Zinc    19 

Zincblende    31 

Zircon    126 

Zoisite ,_-  129 


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